Biochar pellets as soil conditioner on the growth of Urochloa brizantha BRS Paiaguás<sup/>

Santos Junior, José Mendes dos; Colen, Fernando; Pegoraro, Rodinei Facco; Heinrichs, Reges; Frazão, Leidivan Almeida; Sampaio, Regynaldo Arruda; Fernandes, Luiz Arnaldo

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20240044

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Scientific Article • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 55 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20240044 copy

Biochar pellets as soil conditioner on the growth of Urochloa brizantha BRS Paiaguás¹ 1 Extracted from the dissertation of the lead author presented to the Postgraduate Program in Plant Production. The authors wish to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig) for funding and scholarships and research grant

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The use of biochar in agriculture remains controversial due to the amounts applied and the small size of the particles which can cause respiratory problems when inhaled. With the aim of evaluating the effects of cattle manure biochar (CMB) on the chemical attributes of the soil and on plant growth and nutrition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, with Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’ grown in pots over five crop cycles, in weathered soil (Oxisol). CMB pellets, both enriched and not enriched with potassium phosphate (PK), were produced using cassava starch as the binder, in a ratio of 2:2:1 (biochar: PK fertiliser: binder) and 4:1 (biochar: binder), respectively. The CMB was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments were non-pelletised and pelletised CMB, with and without liming, and with and without PK, and an additional treatment with no fertiliser. The CMB improved the chemical properties of the soil, correcting acidity, increasing nutrient availability and improving the production of Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. The use of CMB enriched with phosphorus and potassium behaved as a slow-release organomineral fertiliser in Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’.

Key words
Organomineral; Slow-release fertiliser; Use of waste; Pyrolysis

Caracteristic	Value
pH	9.8
Electrical conductivity (μScm^-1)	411
Ash (%)	36.2
Total Carbon (g kg^-1)	167.9
Total Nitrogen (g kg^-1)	6.43
P (g kg^-1)	32.67
K (g kg^-1)	5.40
Ca (g kg^-1)	19.33
Mg (g kg^-1)	23.22
Na (g kg^-1)	1.08
S (g kg^-1)	0.70
Fe (mg kg^-1)	375.3
Zn (mg kg^-1)	100.4
Mn (mg kg^-1)	82.08
Cu (mg kg^-1)	15.28
B (mg kg^-1)	6.64

Control	Pelletised	Liming	Fertiliser	Amount
Additional treatment: Natural soil	Non-pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser	5.8 g pot^-1 biochar
		No Liming	With Fertiliser	5.8 and 1.31 g pot^-1 biochar and PK, respectively
		With Liming	No Fertiliser	5.8 and 1.5 g pot^-1 biochar and limestone, respectively
		With Liming	With Fertiliser	5.8, 1.5 and 1.31 g pot^-1 biochar, limestone and PK, respectively
	Pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser	7.2 g pot^-1 pellets
		No Liming	With Fertiliser	14.43 g pot^-1 pellets
		With Liming	No Fertiliser	7.2 and 1.5 g pot^-1 pellets and limestone, respectively
		With Liming	With Fertiliser	14.43 and 1.5 g pot^-1 pellets and limestone, respectively

	Treatment		pH	P	K	Ca	Mg
	Treatment		-	mg dm^-3	mg dm^-3	cmol_c dm^-3	cmol_c dm^-3
Control			5.6	1.3	11.4	1.07	0.44
Non-pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	6.0 a^* 6.0 a^* 6.0 B	3.4 b^* 74.6 a^* 39.0 A	11.4 b 22.8 a^* 17.10 A	1.47 a^* 1.69 a^* 1.58 B	0.48 a 0.47 a 0.38 B
Non-pelletised	With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	7.0 a^* 7.0 a^*	5.8 b^* 81.4 a^*	22.8 a^* 28.5 a^*	1.76 b^* 2.06 a^*	0.54 b^* 0.82 a^*
		Mean	7.0 A	43.6 A	25.7 A	1.91 A	0.68 A
	Mean		6.5 C	41.3 D	21.4 D	1.75 C	0.53 C
Pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	6.2 a^* 6.6 a^* 6.4 B	4.9 b^* 401.3 a^* 203.1 A	11.4 b 410.7 a^* 211.1 A	1.30 b^* 1.67 a^* 1.49 B	0.67 a^* 0.45 b 0.56 B
Pelletised	With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	7.1 a^* 7.0 a^*	5.4 b^* 420.3 a^*	17.1 b^* 376.4 a^*	1.90 a^* 2.14 a^*	0.74 a^* 0.65 a^*
		Mean	7.0 A	212.9 A	196.75 A	2.02 A	0.70 A
	Mean		6.7 C	207.9 C	203.9 C	1.75 C	0.63 C

	Treatment		Al	H + Al	T	V	SOC
	Treatment			cmol_c dm^-3		%	dag kg^-1
Control			0.05	1.03	3.32	58.49	0.49
Non-pelletised	No Li-ming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	0 0 0	1.07 b 1.36 a^* 1.22 A	3.05 b 3.38 a 3.22 A	65.00 a 59.73 a 62.37 A	0.69 a^* 0.55 a^* 0.62 A
Non-pelletised	With Li-ming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	0 0	0.76 a^* 0.87 a	3.11 b 3.83 a^*	75.74 a^* 77.19 a^*	0.49 a 0.49 a
		Mean	0	0.82 B	3.47 A	76.47 A	0.49 B
	Mean		0	1.02 C	3.34 D	69.42 C	0.56 C
Pelletised	No Li-ming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	0 0 0	1.04 b 1.30 a^* 1.17 A	3.04 b^* 4.47 a^* 3.76 B	65.73 a 70.91 a^* 68.32 A	0.62 a^* 0.62 a^* 0.62 A
Pelletised	With Li-ming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	0 0	0.79 b^* 1.02 a	3.47 b 4.77 a^*	77.27 a^* 78.65 a^*	0.55 a 0.55 a
		Mean	0	0.91 A	4.12 A	77.96 A	0.55 A
	Mean		0	1.04 C	3.94 C	73.14 C	0.59 C

	Treatment		1 st Cut	2 nd Cut	3 rd Cut	4 th Cut	5 th Cut	TSDM	RDM
	Treatment					g pot^-1
Control			0.00	0.49	0.48	0.22	0.08	1.27	0.71
Non-pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	1.91 b^* 2.31 a^* 2.11 A	2.07 b^* 3.07 a^* 2.57 A	1.79 b^* 2.82 a^* 2.31 B	0.89 b^* 2.09 a^* 1.49 B	0.58 b^* 1.81 a^* 1.19 B	7.24 b^* 12.10 a^* 9.67 B	2.65 b^* 3.37 a^* 3.01 B
Non-pelletised	With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	1.86 b^* 2.72 a^*	2.04 b^* 2.81 a^*	2.36 b^* 3.66 a^*	1.53 b^* 2.38 a^*	1.04 b^* 1.69 a^*	8.83 b^* 13.26 a^*	3.51 a^* 3.33 a^*
		Mean	2.29 A	2.43 A	3.01 A	1.96 A	1.37 A	11.06 A	3.42 A
	Mean		2.20 C	2.50 C	2.66 D	1.72 C	1.28 C	10.36 C	3.22 C
Pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	1.63 a^* 1.25 a^* 1.44 B	2.44 b^* 2.82 a^* 2.63 A	2.74 b^* 3.23 a^* 2.99 B	1.23 b^* 2.70 a^* 1.97 A	0.60 b^* 1.44 a^* 1.02 B	8.64 b^* 11.44 a^* 10.05 B	2.04 b^* 2.53 a^* 2.29 B
Pelletised	With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	1.86 b^* 2.68 a^*	2.56 b^* 3.09 a^*	2.87 b^* 3.89 a^*	1.18 b^* 2.82 a^*	0.78 b^* 1.98 a^*	9.25 b^* 14.46 a^*	2.67 a^* 2.76 a^*
		Mean	2.27 A	2.83 A	3.38 A	2.00 A	1.38 A	11.86 A	2.71 A
	Mean		1.86 D	2.73 C	3.18 C	1.98 C	1.20 C	10.95 C	2.50 D

Treatment			N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S
Treatment			----------------------------------------- g plant^-1 -----------------------------------------
Control			2.04	0.08	1.28	0.42	0.20	0.13
Non-pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	15.55 b^* 28.07 a^* 21.81 A	1.20 b^* 2.67 a^* 1.93 B	12.20 b^* 24.53 a^* 18.36 B	4.15 b^* 8.39 a^* 6.27 B	2.20 b^* 3.49 a^* 2.85 B	1.95 b^* 3.04 a^* 2.50 A
Non-pelletised	With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	19.85 b^* 31.40 a^*	2.29 b^* 4.24 a^*	26.49 b^* 44.07 a^*	8.37 b^* 14.25 a^*	5.16 b^* 7.58 a^*	2.30 b^* 3.45 a^*
		Mean	25.63 A	3.26 A	35.28 A	11.31 A	6.37 A	2.88 A
	Mean		23.72 C	2.60 C	26.82 C	8.79 C	4.61 C	2.69 C
Pelletised	No Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean	20.21 b^* 28.26 a^* 24.24 A	2.24 b^* 3.19 a^* 2.71 B	17.58 b^* 30.69 a^* 24.13 B	4.73 b^* 7.71 a^* 6.22 B	2.59 b^* 3.45 a^* 3.02 B	2.19 b^* 2.93 a^* 2.56 B
Pelletised	With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser	21.42 b^* 34.33 a^*	2.68 b^* 4.61 a^*	27.61 b^* 50.34 a^*	8.52 b^* 15.68 a^*	5.56 b^* 7.72 a^*	2.45 b^* 3.57 a^*
		Mean	27.88 A	3.65 A	38.98 A	12.10 A	6.64 A	3.01 A
	Mean		26.06 C	3.18 C	31.55 C	9.16 C	4.83 C	2.79 C

Treatment			B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Treatment			---------------------------------- mg plant^-1 ---------------------------------
Control			1.38	0.62	10.56	7.44	2.85
Non-pelletised	No Liming With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean No Fertiliser	20.50 b^* 33.75 a^* 27.13 A 23.98 b^*	7.83 b^* 12.76 a^* 10.30 A 9.48 b^*	87.87 b^* 148.65 a^* 118.26 A 104.71 b^*	68.78 b^* 111.24 a^* 90.01 A 80.91 b^*	44.60 b^* 72.11 a^* 58.35 A 53.85 b^*
		With Fertiliser	36.72 a^*	13.99 a^*	157.02 a^*	124.16 a^*	79.46 a^*
		Mean	30.35 A	11.74 A	130.86 A	102.53 A	66.66 A
		Mean	28.74 C	11.02 C	124.56 C	96.27 C	62.50 C
Pelletised	No Liming With Liming	No Fertiliser With Fertiliser Mean No Fertiliser	24.61 b^* 32.58 a^* 28.60 A 25.55 b^*	9.43 b^* 12.35 a^* 10.89 A 9.65 b^*	105.13 b^* 138.44 a^* 121.79 A 109.73 b^*	81.54 b^* 107.11 a^* 94.33 A 86.98 b^*	54.03 b^* 68.33 a^* 61.18 A 57.36 b^*
		With Fertiliser	37.77 a^*	14.78 a^*	169.73 a^*	134.86 a^*	86.00 a^*
		Mean	31.66 A	12.22 A	139.73 A	110.92 A	71.68 A
		Mean	30.13 C	11.55 C	130.76 C	102.62 C	66.43 C

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