Prevalência de parasitas em espécies de pássaros em cativeiro selecionados

Noor, R.; Javid, A.; Hussain, A.; Bukhari, S. M.; Hussain, I.; Suleman, S.; Malik, S.; Amin, F.; Azam, S. M.; Ali, K.; Mustafa, G.; Hussain, M.; Ahmad, A.; Ali, W.

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.254251 copiar

Prevalência de parasitas em espécies de pássaros em cativeiro selecionados

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Amostras de sangue e fezes de perdiz chukar (Alectoris chukar), faisão-albino (Phasianus colchicus), faisão-prateado (Lophura nycthemera), periquito-de-rosa (Psittacula krameri) e perus (Meleagris gallopavo) foram analisadas para verificar a prevalência de parasitas. Para registrar os parasitas, essas cinco espécies de aves foram colocadas em gaiolas separadas no Centro de Conservação e Pesquisa de Aves, Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Ecologia, Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, Lahore, Paquistão. Cem amostras fecais e 100 amostras de sangue para cada espécie de ave foram inspecionadas para analisar os parasitas internos. Durante o presente estudo, foram examinadas 17 espécies de endoparasitas, 14 de amostras fecais e 3 de sangue. Foram estudadas duas espécies de ectoparasitas, ou seja, o ácaro Dermanyssus gallinae 42% e o carrapato aviário Args persicus 41%. Os parasitas sanguíneos incluíram Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond com prevalência parasitária de 40% e Aegyptinella pullorum com prevalência parasitária de 40%. As espécies parasitas registradas em amostras fecais incluíram 6 espécies de nematoides viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%, Syngamus traqueia com prevalência parasitária de 60%, Capillaria annulata 37,5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% e Heterakis gallinarum 28,3%. Da mesma forma, duas espécies de trematódeos viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus com prevalência parasitária de 50% e Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% também foram documentados em amostras fecais de aves. Espécies de cestoide único Raillietina echinobothrida com prevalência parasitária de 72% e 3 espécies de protozoários, isto é, Eimeria maxima com prevalência parasitária de 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% e Histomonas meleagridis 18% foram documentadas durante a análise corpológica. Em nossa recomendação, o saneamento adequado, medicação e vacinação de invólucros de pássaros são sugeridos para evitar parasitas.

Palavras-chave:
ACRC UVAS; Giardia lamblia; Histomonas meleagridis; Capillaria annulata; Dermanyssus gallinae

Parasites	Prediction site	Morphology	Life cycle	Clinical diagnosis	Control measures
Nematodes
Syngamus trachea	Lungs and trachea	Worms are medium sized and red in colour. Females are greater than male measuring 5 to 20 mm, and male is 2 to 6	Direct or indirect	Coughing, sneezing and respiratory disorder. Death occurs when mucus block the trachea.	Keep the bird’s bedding as dry as possible and frequently change it.
Capillaria annulata	Mucosa of crop and Esophagous	Males are 15 to 25 mm, females are 37 to 80 mm,and eggs are ~30x70 um	Direct or indirect	Seriously harm the lining of crop and oesophagus.	Restrict their access to humid area. Strict hygiene of feeder and drinker.
Capillaria anatis	Cecum	Males are 15 to 25 mm, females are 37 to 80 mm,and eggs are ~30x70 micrometer	Direct or indirect	Diarrhoea	Anthelmintics are used.
Ascardia galli	Small intestine		Indirect	Enteritis, loss of appetite, unthriftiness, pale combs and wattles, droopy wings	Pasture rotation, Avoid to moisture content, anthelmintics are used.
Cestode (Tape worm)
Raillietina echinobothrida	Small intestine	10 to 25 cm. size of egg is 74 to 93 um.	Indirect	Reduce growth, abdominal disturbance	Control intermediate host.
Trematodes (flukes)
Prosthogonimus ovatus	Cloaca and rectum	8 to 9mm and egg is 22 to 24 um	Indirect	Milky discharge from cloaca, lay soft shell egg.	Control of secondary host
Prosthogonimus macrorchis	Intestine	7 to 9 mm and egg is 20 um	Indirect	Reduce growth, thriftiness, abdominal discomfort.	Sanitary practices, avoid from moisture area
Protozoa (single cell)
Giardia lamblia	Intestinal tract	11 to 14 µm in length and 7 to 10 µm in width. Two forms trophozoite is active form and cyst is dormant.	Direct	Weight loss, Diarrhoea is foul smelling, scratching and preening	Keep drinking bottle clean.Use cool boiled water..
Eimeria maxima	Small intestine	Three developmental stages: schizonts, gamonts and oocysts.	Direct	Cause catarrhalic or haemorrhagic enteritis, bloody diarrhoea,	Continuous medication is given in food and and water. sulfonamides drug is most common.
Histomonas meleagridis	Caeca and liver	It has two forms: a tissue-dwelling (amoebic) form and a caecal lumen	Direct	Infection occur only when they penetrate from blood streams to liver.	Dimetridazole is very effective for treating histomonosis.

PARASITES	PREDICTION SITES	MORPHOLOGY	LIFE CYCLE	CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS	CONTROL MEASURES
Leucocytozoon simond	Leucocyte and erythrocyte	Oval in shape. Mature gametocyte is 14-22 um. gametocyte is elongated when found in leukocytes and round when found in erythrocytes.	Indirect	The animals are listless, anorectic, anaemic and have a laboured breathing. CNS symptoms.	Treatment mostly is not effective and medication is used in combination form pyrimethamine (1 ppm) nd sulfadimethoxine (10 ppm) in the feed
Plasmodium juxtanucleare	Erythrocyte	Round oval or irregular in shape mature gametocyte is 15.5 um	Indirect	Weight loss Even death	Treatment is difficult in birds. Because duration of disease is 2-3 days.
Aegyptinella pullorum	Erythrocyte	Small 5 to 10 um, round to oval bodies.	Indirect	Ruffled feather birds may become anorectic, droopy and may suffer from diarrhoea	biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction

Parasites	Life cycle	Morphology	Prediction site	Clinical diagnosis	Control measures
Fowl tick: Args persicus	Direct	Soft bodied tick. The size of female is 10 x 6 mm	Skin	Anaemia, weight loss, paralysis And depression.	Houses should be cleaned,walls, ceilings and cracks should be sprayed with carbaryl.
Mite: Dermanyssus gallinae	Direct	The color of adult female mites is grey to deep red and size is 1 mm in length.	Skin	Reduction in egg production, anaemia and itching effect may change bird behaviour.	Cracks and crevices should be filled in-house should be clean and spray should be used.

Parasites	Turkey	parrot	A.pheasant	s.pheasant	Chukar	diagnosis		Total samples	+ve samples	%age
Nematoads
Syngamus trachea	●●	●	●●	●●	●	Fecal smear analysis		500	302	60
Capillaria annulata	●●	●	●	●	●●	fecal smear analysis		500	257	51
Ascardia galli	●	●●	●●	●	●●	Fecal smear analysis		500	367	73
Capillaria anatis	●●	●	●●	●	●●	Fecal smear analysis		500	287	44
Heterakis gallinarum	●●	●●	●	●	●	Fecsl smear analysi		500	125	25
Allodapa suctoria	●	●	●●	●●	●	Fecal smear analysis		500	206	36
Cestode
Raillietina echinobothrida	●	●	●	●●	●	Fecal smear		500	403	72`
Trematode
Prosthogonimu s macrorchis	●	●	●	●●	●	Fecal smear		500	104	23
Prosthogonimu s ovatus	●●	●	●	●●	●	Fecal smear		500	300	50
Protozoa
Giardia lambli a	●	●●	●	●	●	Fecal smear		500	230	42
Histomonas meleagridis a	●	●	●●	●	●●	Fecal smear		500	89	28
Eimeria maxima	●●	`●	●	●●	●	fecal smear		500	105	21
*Haemoparasite*
Plasmodium juxtanucleare	●●	●●	●●	●	●	Blood smear		500	349	50
Aegyptinella pullorum	●	●	●●	●	●●	Blood smear		500	203	40
leucoctoyzoon simond	●	●	●●	●	●	Blood smear		500	200	40
Ectoparasites
Fowl tick Args persicus	●●	●	●	●	●●	Physical analysis	500		208	42
Mite Dermanyssus gallinae	●	●●	●●	●●	●	Physical analysis	500		207	41

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[1] *e-mail: arshadjavid@uvas.edu.pk