Application of correlation coefficients and principal components analysis in stability of quantitative and qualitative traits on rice improvement cultivation

Semeskandi, M. Nikzad; Mazloom, P.; Arabzadeh, B.; Moghadam, M. N.; Ahmadi, T.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.268981

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.268981 copy

Application of correlation coefficients and principal components analysis in stability of quantitative and qualitative traits on rice improvement cultivation

Aplicação de coeficientes de correlação e análise de componentes principais na estabilidade de características quantitativas e qualitativas no cultivo de melhoramento de arroz

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In order to investigate the stability of qualitative and quantitative traits and choose the most appropriate cultivation method and irrigation regime in rice plants, the experiment was conducted in the form of a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design in three replications and in two cropping years. The results of compound analysis indicated that the effect of year × irrigation regimes in terms of traits, grain yield, rainfall, productivity 2, number of full grains, number of hollow grains, harvest index, percentage of crushed grains and yield of white rice, the effect of year × Cultivation method characteristics in terms of water consumption, rainfall, productivity 1, number of tillers, plant height, spike length, number of hollow grains, thousand seed weight, small grain percentage and white rice yield and the effect of irrigation regime × cultivation methods in terms of all Traits except traits productivity 2 were significant. The results of the mean comparison of the interaction effect of irrigation regimes and cultivation methods also showed that treatments T1W1, T2W1 and T1W3 are favorable for all evaluated traits. Based on the table of correlation coefficients, correlation diagram and map of the intensity of the correlation in the years of the experiment, it is possible to report the correlation of the grain yield trait with the traits of water consumption, rainfall, plant height, 100- seed weight, full grain number and white rice yield. Also, traits productivity 1, productivity 2 and small grain percentage showed a positive correlation and a negative correlation of these three traits with most of the traits evaluated in the experiment was observed. Based on the analysis of the main components, the first four main components explained the most data variance, and T2W2 and T2W3 treatments were identified as suitable treatments for rice cultivation in terms of the first and second main components.

Keywords:
stability; rice; adaptability; irrigation regimes; correlation; PCA

Treat Code.	Treatment	Traits Code.	Traits
T1	Permanent irrigation throughout the period	YLD	Grain Yield
T2	Irrigation after two days of water disappearing from the ground	CW	Consuming Water
T3	Permanent soil saturation throughout the growing season	RF	Rainfall
W1	Cultivation without plowing	PR1	Productivity 1
W2	Ridge Size 60cm	PR2	Productivity 2
W3	Ridge Size 80cm	NT	Number of Tiller
T1W1	Permanent irrigation throughout the period and Cultivation without plowing	PH	Plant Height
T1W2	Permanent irrigation throughout the period and Ridge Size 60cm	SL	Spike Length
T1W3	Permanent irrigation throughout the period and Ridge Size 80cm	NFS	Number of full Seeds
T2W1	Irrigation after two days of water disappearing from the ground and Cultivation without plowing	NES	Number of empty Seeds
T2W2	Irrigation after two days of water disappearing from the ground and Ridge Size 60cm	WTS	Weight of 1000 Seeds
T2W3	Irrigation after two days of water disappearing from the ground and Ridge Size 80cm	HI	Harvest Index
T3W1	Permanent soil saturation throughout the growing season and Cultivation without plowing	PCS	Percentage of Crushed Seeds
T3W2	Permanent soil saturation throughout the growing season and Ridge Size 60cm	WHS	Weight of 100 Seeds
T3W3	Permanent soil saturation throughout the growing season and Ridge Size 80cm	WRY	White Rice Yield

S.O.V	Df	YLD	CW	RF	PR1	PR2	NT	PH	SL	NFS	NES	WTS	HI	PCS	WHS	WRY
Year	1	26268.1^ns	9733.8^ns	96.36*	0.00002^ns	0.0001*	18.25**	1.85^ns	0.007^ns	728.2^ns	0.11*	0.13*	0.0003^ns	0.001*	0.001^ns	11791*
Block	2	8910342.2**	22097933.8**	2265.42**	0.07^ns	0.03*	0.47^ns	13.6*	0.18^ns	699.1^ns	0.03^ns	1.22^ns	0.0007^ns	0.93^ns	0.002^ns	399985*
Irrigation	2	31495.5*	52278.2*	3665.36*	0.004^ns	0.003*	8.21**	5.57^ns	2.75**	862.03*	38.7**	8.9**	0.007**	16.1**	0.001*	14138*
Year × Irri	2	351.5*	56519.9^ns	5469.2*	0.001^ns	0.0007*	0.23^ns	0.79^ns	0.4^ns	745.5*	0.86*	0.06^ns	0.0004*	1.05*	0.004^ns	157.7*
Error1	4	92851.9	32865.7	2364.1	0.002	0.001	0.77	3.62	0.37	701.7	1.5	0.97	0.0004	1.37	0.0003	41681.2
Cultivation	2	1084856.6**	6783483.8**	12642.1**	0.06*	0.03*	22.6**	301.2*	2.03**	616.5^ns	10.6**	0.06*	0.0007^ns	48.2**	0.003*	486992*
Year × Plant	2	0.41^ns	35517.1*	45365.1*	0.0002*	0.001^ns	0.001*	5.12*	0.61*	247.9^ns	2.99**	0.18*	0.0001^ns	0.02*	0.001^ns	7650.6*
Irrigaton × Cultivatiom	4	37914.3*	16013.6*	1215.3*	0.001*	0.001^ns	5.25**	16.9*	0.39*	205.7*	6.14**	1.89*	0.001*	6.005*	0.008*	17019*
Error 2	30	42053.3	47597.3	41232.2	0.002	0.0001	0.59	3.8	0.25	314.2	0.58	0.83	0.0003	0.67	0.0008	18877.7
CV%	-	3.2	3.44	3.08	4.63	4.46	2.91	1.99	1.79	17.5	1.83	3.49	3.7	7.3	1.59	2.23

Irrigation	YLD	CW	RF	PR1	PR2	NT	PH	SL	NFS	NES	WTS	HI	PCS	WHS	WRY
T1	6370.3^a	6276.6^b	7016.6^b	1.02^a	0.91^a	27.1^a	98.2^a	28.01^b	92.9^b	39.9^b	25.3^b	0.51^a	10.2^b	1.88^a	4268.09^a
T2	6337.4^a	6351.9^a	7091.9^a	1.008^a	0.9^a	26.2^b	97.7^b	27.9^b	104.9^a	42.7^a	36.7^a	0.52^a	12.12^a	1.87^a	4246.09^a
T3	6287.2^b	6381.1^a	7121.1^a	0.99^b	0.88^b	25.8^b	97.1^b	28.6^a	104.8^a	42.15^a	26.2^a	0.48^b	11.14^ab	1.87^a	4212.4^b
LSD	180.5	26	21	0.02	0.03	1.8	2	2.8	2.9	0.6	3	1	0.03	0.04	121
Cultivation	YLD	CW	RF	PR1	PR2	NT	PH	SL	NFS	NES	WTS	HI	PCS	WHS	WRY
W1	6556.9^a	6950^a	7690^a	0.94^c	0.85^b	25.3^c	102.2^a	28.2^ab	107.2^a	42.4^a	26.1^a	0.51^a	10.2^b	1.89^a	4393.1^a
W2	6368^a	6337.5^b	7077^b	1.01^b	0.9^a	27.5^a	96.6^b	28.5^a	99.7^a	40.9^b	26.1^a	0.5^a	10.2^b	1.87^a	4266.5^a
W3	6070^b	5722.2^c	6462^c	1.06^a	0.94^a	26.3^b	94.3^c	27.8^b	95.7^b	41.4^ab	26^a	0.5^a	13.05^a	1.86^b	4066.9^b
LSD	124.8	21	22	0.03	0.04	1.5	1.4	1.6	2.1	0.4	0.8	0.9	0.01	0.9	82.6
Irrigation × Cultivation	YLD	CW	RF	PR1	PR2	NT	PH	SL	NFS	NES	WTS	HI	PCS	WHS	WRY
T1W1	7255^a	8174^a	8914^a	0.88^b	0.81^b	25.4^b	103.5^a	28.3^a	108.4^a	42.8^a	26.5^a	0.51^a	9.7^c	1.9^a	4861^a
T1W2	5974^b	6284^bc	7024^b	0.95^b	0.85^b	25.1^b	101.3^a	28.06^a	106.8^a	42^a	26.2^a	0.51^a	10.3^b	1.8^a	4003^a
T1W3	6442^ab	6392^bc	7132^b	1.07^a	0.9^a	25.4^b	102^a	28.1^a	106.5^a	42.2^a	25^b	0.5^a	10.5^b	1.8^a	4316^a
T2W1	7028^a	7752^b	8492^a	0.91^b	0.83^b	27.5^a	97.5^b	28.5^a	87.9^b	40.9^b	26.4^a	0.51^a	9.8^c	1.8^a	4708^a
T2W2	5862^b	5491^bc	6231^b	1.06^a	0.94^a	27.3^a	96^b	28.6^a	105.8^a	40.8^b	26.3^a	0.5^a	10.4^b	1.8^a	3928^b
T2W3	6214^ab	5769^bc	6509^b	1.07^a	0.95^a	27.8^a	96.3^b	28.4^a	105.6^a	41.1^a	25^b	0.51^a	10.3^b	1.8^a	4163^a
T3W1	7051^a	6898^b	7638^b	1.02^a	0.92^a	26^ab	95.1^b	27.9^b	84.8^b	41.2^a	26.2^a	0.5^a	13.1^a	1.8^a	4724^a
T3W2	5394^c	4964^c	5704^c	1.08^a	0.94^a	26^ab	93.8^b	27.9^b	100.9^a	41.6^a	25^b	0.5^a	13.2^a	1.8^a	3616^c
T3W3	5765^b	5304^bc	6044^b	1.08^a	0.95^a	26^ab	94^b	27.7^b	101.3^a	41.5^a	26.3^a	0.51^a	12.8^a	1.8^a	3863^b
LSD	160.5	24.5	25	0.06	0.05	1.2	1.6	2	2.5	0.5	2.3	1	0.06	0.5	101

	Traits	YLD	CW	RF	PR1	PR2	NT	PH	SL	NFS	NES	WTS	HI	PCS	WHS
Year 1	CW	0.92**
	RF	0.92**	0.9**
	PR1	-0.6**	-0.9**	-0.4**
	PR2	-0.5**	-0.8**	0.6**	0.9**
	NT	0.1	-0.03	0.02	0.22	0.25
	PH	0.62**	0.75**	0.55**	-0.7**	-0.76**	-0.3*
	SL	0.07	0.05	0.03	-0.01	-0.006	0.47**	-0.14
	NFS	-0.31	-0.2	-0.17	0.16	0.13	-0.4*	-0.14	-0.03
	NES	0.11	0.09	0.01	-0.09	-0.08	-0.3	0.15	-0.17	0.16
	WTS	0.05	0.04	0.05	-0.04	-0.03	-0.04	-0.13	0.08	0.19	0.52**
	HI	0.004	-0.1	0.1	0.23	0.25	0.07	-0.1	-0.09	0.07	-0.04	-0.2
	PCS	-0.21	-0.3*	0.3	0.4*	0.4*	-0.1	-0.4*	-0.03	-0.1	0.35*	0.2	-0.04
	WHS	0.24	0.12	0.12	0.03	0.07	-0.2	0.3	-0.05	0.01	0.05	0.4	0.29	0.03
	WRY	0.9**	0.9**	0.8	-0.67**	-0.58**	0.1	0.6**	0.07	-0.3	0.11	0.05	0.004	-0.22	0.24
Year 2	CW	0.89**
	RF	0.89**	0.9**
	PR1	-0.4*	-0.81**	0.65
	PR2	-0.3*	-0.7**	-0.5	0.98**
	NT	0.08	-0.15	0.12	0.43*	0.47*
	PH	0.18	0.37*	0.44*	-0.52**	-0.5**	-0.43*
	SL	0.25	0.26	0.36	-0.18	-0.15	0.11	0.21
	NFS	0.37*	0.46*	0.51*	-0.46*	-0.4*	-0.1	0.69**	0.4*
	NES	0.09	0.25	0.2	-0.3*	-0.3*	-0.3	0.21	0.13	0.42*
	WTS	0.16	0.32*	0.16	-0.3*	-0.4*	0.3*	-0.03	-0.05	0.03	0.5
	HI	0.22	0.21	0.39	-0.14	-0.11	-0.09	0.13	-0.41*	0.04	-0.12	0.12
	PCS	-0.3*	-0.3*	-0.56	0.28	0.24	-0.18	-0.4*	-0.43	-0.4*	0.3	0.2	-0.15
	WHS	0.44*	0.48**	0.12*	-0.4*	-0.37*	0.16	0.5**	0.13	0.43*	-0.09	0.12	0.3	-0.4*
	WRY	0.9**	0.89**	0.63**	-0.4*	-0.34*	0.08	0.19	0.25	0.37*	0.09	0.16	0.22	-0.3*	0.44
Average of year 1 and 2	CW	0.92**
	RF	0.92**	0.9**
	PR1	-0.6**	-0.88*	-0.88**
	PR2	-0.55*	-0.82**	-0.82**	0.99*
	NT	0.09	-0.1	-0.1	0.3*	0.4**
	PH	0.4*	0.58**	0.58**	-0.6**	-0.6**	-0.4*
	SL	0.2	0.23	0.23	-0.2	-0.18	0.2	0.13
	NFS	-0.27	-0.13	-0.13	-0.05	-0.1	-0.3*	0.14	-0.02
	NES	0.11	0.17	0.17	-0.22	-0.2	-0.3*	0.2	0.07	0.34*
	WTS	0.18	0.23	0.23	-0.22	-0.2	-0.18	-0.1	0.14	0.23	0.6*
	HI	0.13	0.08	0.08	0.007	0.02	-0.01	0.08	-0.44*	-0.1	-0.04	-0.2
	PCS	-0.2	-0.3*	-0.3*	0.4	0.3*	-0.18	-0.5**	-0.47*	-0.07	0.3*	0.2	-0.1
	WHS	0.45*	0.4*	0.43*	-0.3	-0.2	-0.07	0.6**	-0.003	-0.04	-0.01	-0.18	0.2	-0.36
	WRY	0.9**	0.9**	0.92	-0.65**	-0.55*	0.09	0.43	0.21	-0.2	0.11	0.18	0.13	-0.28	0.45*

		PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6	PC7	PC8	PC9	PC10	PC11	PC12	PC13	PC14	PC15
Year 1	YLD	0.36	-0.08	0.01	0.29	0.13	0.01	0.28	0.07	0.03	-0.27	0.03	-0.30	-0.14	0.001	0.71
	CW	0.40	-0.02	-0.03	0.06	0.03	-0.05	0.11	-0.08	0.05	0.04	-0.13	0.52	0.16	0.71	0.0003
	RF	0.40	-0.02	-0.03	0.06	0.03	-0.05	0.11	-0.08	0.05	0.04	-0.13	0.52	0.16	-0.71	0.0001
	PR1	-0.37	-0.08	0.07	0.20	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.24	-0.03	-0.27	0.05	0.51	-0.62	0.001	0.002
	PR2	-0.35	-0.10	0.08	0.25	0.14	0.10	0.14	0.28	-0.04	-0.36	0.09	0.09	0.72	0.0003	0.005
	NT	-0.04	-0.53	-0.27	0.26	0.08	-0.07	-0.07	0.28	0.45	0.50	0.19	-0.02	0.001	0.0001	0.001
	PH	0.34	0.11	0.19	-0.16	-0.05	0.11	-0.32	0.29	-0.07	-0.08	0.77	0.11	0.01	-0.003	-0.002
	SL	0.02	-0.36	-0.34	-0.10	0.44	0.45	-0.25	-0.47	-0.16	-0.18	0.11	0.02	0.003	0.001	-0.003
	NFS	-0.11	0.52	0.06	-0.38	0.55	0.03	0.47	-0.06	0.40	0.13	0.21	0.02	0.002	0.002	0.0001
	NES	0.04	0.30	-0.12	0.31	0.24	0.06	-0.56	0.07	0.43	-0.15	-0.22	-0.02	0.002	0.0005	-0.0002
	WTS	0.00	0.34	-0.51	0.17	0.26	-0.10	0.09	0.28	-0.58	0.31	0.05	0.00	0.001	0.0001	0.001
	HI	-0.06	-0.14	0.41	0.49	0.44	-0.65	-0.23	-0.25	-0.19	0.06	0.09	0.00	0.001	0.0002	0.002
	PCS	-0.16	0.27	-0.03	0.23	-0.28	0.09	0.18	-0.55	0.07	0.15	0.41	0.06	0.01	0.0002	0.001
	WHS	0.06	0.01	0.56	0.21	0.18	0.56	-0.01	0.09	-0.18	0.45	-0.20	-0.05	0.0003	-0.005	0.001
	WRY	0.36	-0.08	0.01	0.29	0.13	0.01	0.28	0.07	0.03	-0.27	0.03	-0.30	-0.14	0.0001	-0.71
	Proportion	0.41	0.14	0.12	0.1	0.07	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.007	0.0002	0.0001	0.0001	0.00001
	Cumulative	0.41	0.55	0.68	0.78	0.85	0.9	0.93	0.96	0.98	0.99	0.999	0.9998	0.9999	0.9999	1
Year 2	YLD	0.32	0.20	0.31	0.17	0.10	-0.18	0.19	0.09	-0.08	-0.04	-0.02	-0.34	-0.15	0.71	0.0002
	CW	0.38	0.02	0.18	0.08	-0.08	-0.09	0.00	-0.08	0.01	-0.01	0.08	0.51	0.14	0.0001	0.71
	RF	0.38	0.02	0.18	0.08	-0.08	-0.09	0.00	-0.08	0.01	-0.01	0.08	0.51	0.14	0.0002	-0.71
	PR1	-0.35	0.21	0.05	0.08	0.29	0.01	0.25	0.20	-0.09	-0.12	0.00	0.47	-0.63	0.0001	0.0003
	PR2	-0.32	0.26	0.09	0.11	0.33	-0.03	0.30	0.24	-0.12	-0.11	-0.04	0.07	0.72	0.0001	0.0001
	NT	-0.09	0.46	0.12	0.22	0.25	0.26	-0.52	-0.28	-0.07	0.14	0.45	-0.05	0.001	0.0001	0.0001
	PH	0.24	-0.04	-0.46	-0.29	0.15	-0.17	0.16	0.22	-0.24	-0.07	0.68	-0.05	0.002	0.0001	0.001
	SL	0.13	0.17	-0.36	0.49	-0.17	0.27	0.21	0.28	0.57	0.13	0.11	-0.01	0.01	0.001	-0.004
	NFS	0.26	0.02	-0.39	0.04	0.48	0.02	0.11	-0.25	-0.18	0.54	-0.38	0.06	-0.01	0.002	0.0001
	NES	0.13	-0.42	-0.10	0.28	0.51	0.05	-0.13	-0.18	0.20	-0.60	-0.03	-0.04	0.0002	-0.004	0.0002
	WTS	0.13	-0.41	0.26	0.12	0.04	0.63	0.00	0.39	-0.38	0.17	0.06	-0.01	0.003	0.0002	-0.0001
	HI	0.09	0.05	0.30	-0.59	0.28	0.34	0.26	-0.13	0.51	0.08	0.11	-0.02	0.001	0.0001	0.0002
	PCS	-0.19	-0.38	0.24	0.12	0.25	-0.47	-0.22	0.27	0.31	0.47	0.20	0.02	0.01	0.0001	0.0001
	WHS	0.24	0.27	-0.11	-0.29	0.15	0.00	-0.53	0.57	0.10	-0.14	-0.33	0.05	0.002	-0.001	-0.001
	WRY	0.32	0.20	0.31	0.17	0.10	-0.18	0.19	0.09	-0.08	-0.04	-0.02	-0.34	-0.15	-0.71	0.0002
	Proportion	0.41	0.16	0.11	0.1	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.009	0.0003	0.0001	0.0001	0.00001
	Cumulative	0.41	0.57	0.69	0.79	0.85	0.89	0.93	0.96	0.97	0.99	0.999	0.999	0.9999	0.9999	1

	Treatments	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4
Year 1	T1W1	4.46	2.36	1.31	-0.05
	T1W2	0.42	1.18	0.36	-1.49
	T1W3	0.62	1.61	-0.94	-0.85
	T2W1	3.17	-3.78	-0.45	-0.36
	T2W2	-1.92	-1.50	-0.94	-1.51
	T2W3	-1.97	-1.34	3.37	0.52
	T3W1	1.54	-0.21	-1.70	2.63
	T3W2	-3.26	0.87	-1.83	-0.02
	T3W3	-3.07	0.79	0.81	1.13
Year 2	T1W1	-5.48	0.07	-0.06	-0.05
	T1W2	-2.22	2.02	-1.96	0.43
	T1W3	-1.03	1.63	1.21	-1.10
	T2W1	-2.68	-1.83	0.12	-0.09
	T2W2	1.68	0.33	1.89	1.59
	T2W3	1.55	0.19	2.10	0.08
	T3W1	0.76	-3.10	-0.42	-0.38
	T3W2	4.44	0.76	-0.42	-1.17
	T3W3	2.99	-0.07	-2.46	0.67
Average of year 1 and 2	T1W1	-5.34	-1.23	0.05	-0.57
	T1W2	-1.45	-2.46	-0.16	1.41
	T1W3	-0.54	-1.52	0.61	-1.49
	T2W1	-2.79	3.00	0.04	1.23
	T2W2	2.01	1.02	2.12	-0.50
	T2W3	1.53	0.65	2.00	0.34
	T3W1	-0.16	2.12	-2.30	-1.11
	T3W2	4.18	-0.77	-0.75	0.11
	T3W3	2.56	-0.81	-1.61	0.58

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E-mail: bjb@bjb.com.br

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[1] *e-mail: P_mazloom@iauc.ac.ir