Association of parents’ physical activity and weight status with obesity and metabolic risk of their offspring

Werneck, André Oliveira; Silva, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da; Silva, Ellen Caroline Mendes da; Collings, Paul; Ohara, David; Fernandes, Rômulo Araújo; Barbosa, Décio Sabbatini; Ronque, Enio Ricardo Vaz; Sardinha, Luís Bettencourt; Cyrino, Edilson Serpeloni

doi:10.1590/1413-81232022272.06182021

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FREE THEMES • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 27 (02) • Feb 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022272.06182021 copy

Association of parents’ physical activity and weight status with obesity and metabolic risk of their offspring

Associação do status de atividade física e peso dos pais com os indicadores de obesidade e risco metabólico dos filhos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Our aim was to analyze the joint association of parental characteristics and offspring obesity indicators with metabolic risk in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 972 adolescents and their parents. We observed that overweight adolescents who have a normal weight mother show lower metabolic risk in comparison with their counterparts with overweight mothers. In conclusion, mother’s weight status moderates the relationship between offspring’ obesity indicators and metabolic risk in adolescents.

Key words:
Pediatric obesity; Parents; Metabolic syndrome

	Boys (n = 408) Median (IQR)	Girls (n = 564) Median (IQR)	p
Chronological age, years	13.0 (2.2)	12.6 (2.2)	0.011
Age of peak height velocity, years	14.3 (0.9)	12.3 (0.8)	< 0.001
BMI, kg/m²	19.0 (4.5)	19.2 (4.8)	0.280
Waist circumference, cm	66.5 (10.3)	64.3 (9.1)	< 0.001
Body fat, %	16.9 (10.2)	25.3 (6.2)	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	111 (16)	110 (13)	0.011
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	62 (12)	64 (10)	< 0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dl	90.0 (8.0)	89.0 (8.0)	< 0.001
HDL-C, mg/dl	50.0 (16.0)	50.0 (15.0)	0.192
Triglycerides, mg/dl	52.5 (33.0)	60.0 (37.0)	< 0.001
Maternal BMI, kg/m²	25.5 (6.6)	25.7 (6.3)	0.586
Paternal BMI, kg/m²	26.0 (5.2)	25.9 (4.9)	0.506
Maternal physical activity, % active	22.8	22.0	0.718
Paternal physical activity, % active	22.3	23.2	0.560
Low socio-economic status, %	65.5	68.3	0.332

	Metabolic risk score
	Rho	p-value
Covariates
Sex (male/female)	0.003	0.936
Chronological age, years	0.095	0.003
Age of peak height velocity, years	-0.066	0.039
Socio-economic status (classes)	0.057	0.100
Adolescents’ level
BMI, kg/m²	0.188	< 0.001
Waist circumference, cm	0.175	< 0.001
Body fat, %	0.137	< 0.001
Parents’ level
Maternal BMI, kg/m²	0.109	0.003
Paternal BMI, kg/m²	0.060	0.137
Maternal physical activity (active/inactive)	0.003	0.936
Paternal physical activity (active/inactive)	0.011	0.769

	EMM	CI 95%	Interactions
	EMM	CI 95%	Wald	p
Body mass index
Normal + active mother	-0.050	-0.141 to 0.042	BMI vs maternal PA
Normal + inactive mother	-0.107	-0.153 to -0.062	1.465	0.226
Overweight + active mother	0.204	0.045 to 0.363
Overweight + inactive mother	0.275	0.178 to 0.371
Normal + active father	-0.457	-0.154 to 0.063	BMI vs paternal PA
Normal + inactive father	-0.088	-0.138 to -0.039	0.669	0.414
Overweight + active father	0.216	0.028 to 0.0403
Overweight + inactive father	0.273	0.172 to 0.374
Normal + normal weight mother	-0.102	-0.162 to -0.042	BMI vs maternal BMI
Normal + overweight mother	-0.086	-0.144 to -0.027	7.291	0.007
Overweight + normal weight mother	0.073	-0.064 to 0.210
Overweight + overweight mother	0.347	0.244 to 0.450
Normal + normal weight father	-0.030	-0.099 to 0.039	BMI vs paternal BMI
Normal weight + overweight father	-0.095	-0.158 to -0.033	0.279	0.597
Overweight + normal weight father	0.269	0.099 to 0.439
Overweight + overweight father	0.263	0.152 to 0.374
Waist circumference
Normal + active mother	-0.043	-0.132 to 0.046	WC vs maternal PA
Normal + inactive mother	-0.098	-0.143 to -0.053	0.809	0.369
High + active mother	0.250	0.073 to 0.426
High + inactive mother	0.300	0.193 to 0.403
Normal + active father	-0.054	-0.156 to 0.048	WC vs paternal PA
Normal + inactive father	-0.073	-0.121 to -0.025	0.183	0.669
High + active father	0.347	0.132 to 0.562
High + inactive father	0.271	0.162 to 0.379
Normal + normal weight mother	-0.098	-0.157 to -0.039	WC vs maternal BMI
Normal + overweight mother	-0.068	-0.125 to -0.011	7.340	0.007
High + normal weight mother	0.073	-0.071 to 0.216
High + overweight mother	0.375	0.260 to 0.491
Normal + normal weight father	-0.029	-0.096 to 0.038	WC vs paternal BMI
Normal + overweight father	-0.073	-0.134 to -0.012	0.026	0.871
High + normal weight mother	0.315	0.134 to 0.497
High + overweight father	0.252	0.130 to 0.374
% fat
Normal + active mother	-0.041	-0.131 to 0.048	% fat vs maternal PA
Normal + inactive mother	-0.086	-0.132 to -0.041	0.209	0.647
High + active mother	0.228	0.061 to 0.396
High + inactive mother	0.234	0.132 to 0.336
Normal + active father	-0.052	-0.157 to 0.052	% fat vs paternal PA
Normal + inactive father	-0.063	-0.111 to -0.015	0.083	0.773
High + active father	0.288	0.087 to 0.489
High + inactive father	0.240	0.132 to 0.348
Normal + normal weight mother	-0.093	-0.153 to -0.032	% fat vs maternal BMI
Normal + overweight mother	-0.064	-0.120 to -0.007	8.611	0.003
High + normal weight mother	0.033	-0.096 to 0.163
High + overweight mother	0.346	0.233 to 0.460
Normal + normal weight father	-0.028	-0.098 to 0.042	% fat vs paternal BMI
Normal + overweight father	-0.064	-0.124 to -0.003	0.007	0.935
High + normal weight father	0.275	0.113 to 0.437
High + overweight father	0.230	0.101 to 0.359

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[1] Collaborations

AO Werneck: conceptualization, formal analysis, validation, writing - original draft, visualization. DRP Silva: conceptualization, validation, writing original draft, investigation, visualization. ECM Silva: validation, writing - original draft, visualization. P Collins and D Ohara: validation, visualization, writing - review and editing. RA Fernandes and DS Barbosa: validation, visualization, writing - review and editing, project administration. ERV Ronque and ES Cyrino: validation, visualization, writing - review and editing, project administration, supervision. LB Sardinha: validation, visualization, writing - review and editing, supervision.