Biopolymers recovery from biological sludge and its use as phosphorus biosorbent

Cabral, Amábile; Gommersbach, Carolina; Cavali, Matheus; Libardi, Nelson; Costa, Rejane Helena Ribeiro da

doi:10.1590/S1413-415220230087

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Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental

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Scientific Paper • Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 29 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-415220230087 copy

Biopolymers recovery from biological sludge and its use as phosphorus biosorbent

Recuperação de biopolímeros de lodo biológico e seu uso como biossorvente de fósforo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Biopolymers can be recovered from aerobic sludge and used for environmental applications, such as phosphorus adsorbent material, instead being sent to sanitary landfills. In this resource recovery perspective, this work aimed to study the recovery of alginate-like exopolymer (ALE) from activated sludge (AS) compared to aerobic granular sludge (AGS). ALE-based biosorbent was prepared and tested to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions, and the adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were studied. The recovery yield of ALE from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) AS (18.7%) was close to that obtained from a pilot-scale AGS (22%). ALE recovered from AS presented hydrogel properties and humic substances in its composition, which are important features for future applications. The equilibrium of the adsorption was reached after 10 minutes. The Langmuir isotherm model and the PFO kinetic model best fitted to the experimental data, resulting in maximum adsorption capacity of 8.164 mgP·gALE. Thus, ALE recovered from AS has the potential to be used as a phosphorus biosorbent from effluents and further used as a nutrient delivery system with hydrogel properties.

Keywords:
phosphorus; biological sludge; biosorbent; resource recovery; alginate-like exopolymer

Kinetic model	Non-linear equation
PFO	$q_{t} = q_{e} (1 - e^{- K_{1} t})$
PSO	$q_{t} = \frac{K_{2} q_{e}^{2} t}{1 + K_{2} q_{e} t}$
Elovich	$q_{t} = \frac{1}{β} l n (1 + α β t)$

Isotherm	Non-linear equation
Langmuir	$q_{e} = \frac{q_{m} K_{L} C_{e}}{1 + K_{L} C_{e}}$
Freundlich	$q_{e} = K_{F} {C_{e}}^{\frac{1}{n}}$
Redlich-Peterson	$q_{e} = \frac{K_{R} C_{e}}{1 + a_{R} C_{e}^{b}}$
Sips	$q_{e} = \frac{K_{S} {C_{e}}^{β_{S}}}{1 + a_{S} C_{e}^{β_{S}}}$

Yield of ALE extraction $(mg \frac{V S_{A L E}}{g V S_{s l u d g e}})$		Reference
AGS	AS	-
220 ± 20	187 ± 13	This study
–	120 – 300	*Chen et al. (2022)CHEN, X.; LEE, Y.; YUAN, T.; LEI, Z.; ADACHI, Y.; ZHANG, Z.; LIN, Y.; VAN LOOSDRECHT, M.C.M. A review on recovery of extracellular biopolymers from flocculent and granular activated sludges: Cognition, key influencing factors, applications, and challenges. Bioresource Technology, v. 363, p. 127854, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127854 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.... and Li et al. (2022)*LI, J.; HAO, X.; GAN, W.; LOOSDRECHT, M.C.M.; WU, Y. Enhancing extraction of alginate like extracellular polymers (ALE) from flocculent sludge by surfactants. Science of the Total Environment, v. 837, p. 155673, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155673 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022...
–	92.9 – 187.9	*Li et al. (2021)*LI, J.; HAO, X.; GAN, W.; VAN LOODSRECHT, M. C. M.; WU, Y. Recovery of extracellular biopolymers from conventional activated sludge: Potential, characteristics and limitation. Water Research, v. 205, p. 117706, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117706 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.11...
236 ± 27	187 ± 94	*Schambeck et al. (2020a*SCHAMBECK, C.M.; MAGNUS, B.S.; DE SOUZA, L.C.R.; LEITE, W.R.M.; DERLON, N.; GUIMARÃES, L.B.; DA COSTA, R.H.R. Biopolymers recovery: dynamics and characterization of alginate-like exopolymers in an aerobic granular sludge system treating municipal wastewater without sludge inoculum. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 263, 2020a. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.1... )
213 ± 16	–	*Dall'Agnol et al. (2020)*DALL'AGNOL, P.; LIBARDI, N.; MULLER, J.M.; XAVIER, J.A.; DOMINGOS, D.; COSTA, R.H.R. A comparative study of phosphorus removal using biopolymer from aerobic granular sludge: a factorial experimental evaluation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 8, n. 2, 103541, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103541 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.1035...
–	72 ± 6	Lin, Sharma and van Loosdrecht (2013)LIN, Y.M.; SHARMA, P.K.; VAN LOOSDRECHT, M.C.M. The chemical and mechanical differences between alginate-like exopolysaccharides isolated from aerobic flocculent sludge and aerobic granular sludge. Water Research, v. 47, n. 1, p. 57-65, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09...
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Sample	^* ***** initial COD concentration: 34 ± 4 mg·L; COD post-adsorption (mg·L)	COD Increase (%)	^ initial phosphate concentration: 131 ± 11 mg·L; Pt post-adsorption (mg P·L)	Pt removal efficiency (%)
Alginate	20 ± 2	^* * COD decreased in this sample;	66 ± 5	50
ALE	243 ± 8	619	56 ± 5	57
2.5%	40 ± 1^a	19	61 ± 3^a	53
5%	50 ± 3^b	49	63 ± 2^a	52
10%	39 ± 3^a	17	62 ± 1^a	53

Type of sludge	Sludge to solids ratio $\frac{g_{V S}}{g_{s l u d g e})}$	ALE extraction yield $(mg \frac{V S_{A L E}}{g V S_{l o d o}})$	Pt post- adsorption (mg P·L)	Pt removal (%)	COD post- adsorption (mg·L)	COD removal (%)
Recirculated	0.051	203 ± 7	32 ± 1	70	28 ± 1	18.4
Settled	0.055	183 ± 10	32 ± 1	70	27 ± 2	21.5
Centrifuged	0.124	175 ± 23	33 ± 2	68	33 ± 3	4.1

Models	Parameters
PFO	qe_exp(mg·g) 3.22	qe_mod(mg·g) 3.29 ± 0.15	K₁(min^-1) 0.13 ± 0.02	-	R² 0.93
PSO	qe_exp(mg·g) 3.16	qe_mod(mg·g) 3.85 ± 0.27	K₂ (g mg^-1 min^-1) 0.04 ± 0.01	h (mg·g min^-1) 0,59	0.92
Elovich	qe_exp(mg·g) 3.79	β (mg·g) 0.83 ± 0.23	α (mg·g min^-1) 0.89 ± 0.52	-	0.89

Models	Parameters	Temperature °C
Models	Parameters	25	35	45
Langmuir	q_max(mg·g)	8.164 ± 1.116	0.928 ± 0.024	-
	K_L(L·mg)	0.053 ± 0.021	0.434 ± 0.064	-
	R ²	0.917	0,996	-
Freundlich	K_F(mg1-(1·n)L-1·n ·g)	1.083 ± 0.584	0.461 ± 0.074	0.00149 ± 0.003
	n	0.379 ± 0.122	0.178 ± 0.050	1.856 ± 0.489
	R ²	0.755	0.886	0.917
Langmuir-Freundlich	q_max (mg·g)	6.720 ± 0.135	0.930 ± 0.076	4.620 ± 1.106
	K_S (L·g)	0.000014 ± 0.000023	0.438 ± 0.146	0
	n	5.576 ± 0.868	0.986 ± 0.382	6.988 ± 21.800
	R ²	0.997	0.996	0.963
Redlich-Peterson	K_RP(L·g)	0.307 ± 0.082	-	-
	α_RP(L·mg)	0.004 ± 0.007	-	-
	b	1.428 ± 0.291	-	-
	R ²	0.957	-	-

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[1] * Correspondence author: nelson.libardi@ufsc.br