Ethical-legal dilemmas of nursing practice in emergencies and disasters: a scoping review

Duarte, Alex Coelho da Silva; Chicharo, Sandra Conceição Ribeiro; Silva, Thiago Augusto Soares Monteiro da; Oliveira, Alexandre Barbosa de

doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2023-0233en

Alex Coelho da Silva Duarte

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-3943

Sandra Conceição Ribeiro Chicharo

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Departamento de Enfermagem Médico Cirúrgica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-0088

Thiago Augusto Soares Monteiro da Silva

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6870-5101

Alexandre Barbosa de Oliveira

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-1200

Corresponding author: Alex Coelho da Silva Duarte, Rua Rodolfo Dantas, 110, Copacabana, 22020-040 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, alexcsduarte@hotmail.com

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Lilia de Souza Nogueira

Search	Terms	Results
#1	Search: “Nurses”[mh] OR Nurse[tiab] OR “Nursing”[mh] OR Nursing[tiab] OR “Ethics, Nursing”[mh] OR “Nursing Ethic”[tiab] OR “Nursing Ethics”[tiab] OR “Legislation, Nursing”[mh] OR “Nursing Legislation”[tiab] OR “Nursing Legislations”[tiab]	686,833
#2	Search: “Ethics”[mh] OR Ethic[tiab] OR “Situational Ethics”[tiab] OR Moral Polic[tiab] OR Natural Law[tiab] OR Egoism[tiab] OR Metaethic[tiab] OR “Ethics, Professional”[mh] OR Professional Ethic[tiab] OR “Liability, Legal”[mh] OR Legal Liabilit[tiab] OR Tort[tiab] OR Personal Liabilit[tiab] OR Professional Liabilit[tiab] OR Institutional Liabilit[tiab] OR Medical Liabilit[tiab] OR “Malpractice”[mh] OR Negligence[tiab] OR “Moral Obligations”[mh] OR “Moral Obligation”[tiab] OR Moral Dut[tiab] OR “ethical conflicts”[tiab] OR legality[tiab] OR ethical dilemma[tiab] OR “ethical quandaries”[tiab] OR “moral dilemma”[tiab] OR “moral distress”[tiab] OR “moral doubt”[tiab] OR “moral philosophy”[tiab] OR “wedge argument”[tiab] OR “physician impairment”[tiab] OR “professional impairment”[tiab] OR “Jurisprudence”[mh] OR jurisprudence[tiab] OR Constitutional Law[tiab] OR Court Decision[tiab] OR Law[tiab] OR Laws[tiab] OR Legal Aspect[tiab] OR Legal Obligation[tiab] OR “Legal Status”[tiab] OR Litigation[tiab] OR “Medical Jurisprudence”[tiab] OR State Interest[tiab] OR “Disaster Legislation”[tiab] OR “Legal Process”[tiab] OR “Civil Rights”[mh] OR “Civil Right”[tiab] OR Minority Right[tiab] OR Legal Right[tiab] OR Voting Right*[tiab] OR “Due Process”[tiab] OR “Equal Protection”[tiab] OR “legal context”[tiab] OR “ethical dilemmas”[tiab] OR “ethical dilemma”[tiab] OR “Ethical decision”[tiab] OR “legal challenges”[tiab] OR “Moral experience”[tiab] OR “ethical challenges”[tiab] OR “ethical-legal dilemma”[tiab]	602,570
#3	Search: “Disasters”[mh] OR Emergencies[mh] OR Disaster[tiab] OR Emergencies[mh]OR catastrophe[tiab] OR catastrophic accident[tiab] OR Calamity[tiab] OR Tragedies[tiab]OR Sinister[tiab] OR Urgence[tiab] OR Urgenc[tiab] OR “Mass Casualty Incidents”[mh] OR “Mass Casualty Incident”[tiab] OR “Mass Casualties”[tiab] OR “Mass Casualty”[tiab] OR “Chernobyl Nuclear Accident”[mh] OR Fukushima Nuclear Accident[tiab] OR Chernobyl Nuclear Accident[tiab] OR Chornobyl Nuclear Disaster[tiab] OR Fukushima Nuclear Disaster*[tiab]	148,406
#4	Search: #1 AND #2 AND #3	376

№	Source/year	Authors	Title	Design/method	Country/language	Keywords
01	Academic Emergency Medicine/2002(¹⁸18. Beckman AW, Sloan BK, Moore GP, Cordell WH, Brizendine EJ, Boie ET, et al. Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes. AEM. 2002;9(2):154–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb00234.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002... )	A.W. Beckman, B.K. Sloan, G.P. Moore, W.H. Cordell, E.J. Brizendine, E.T. Boie, et al.	Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes	Article/field research	USA/English	Emergency Medicine; Ethics; Pain; Parental Presence; Pediatrics; Procedures
02	Italian Heart Journal Supplement/2005(¹⁹19. Giammaria M, Frittelli W, Belli R, Chinaglia A, De Michelis B, Ierna S, et al. Does reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation exist among emergency healthcare providers as first responders? Ital Heart J Suppl. 2005;6(2):90–104. PubMed PMID: 15822733. https://doi.org/15822733... )	M. Giammaria, W. Frittelli, R. Belli, A. Chinaglia, B. De Michelis, S. Ierna, et al.	Does reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation exist among emergency healthcare providers as first responders?	Article/field research	Italy/Italian	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; First Responder
03	Nursing/2006(²⁰20. Salladay SA. Putting your life on the line. Nursing. 2006;36(2):24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200602000-00016. PubMed PMID: 16462240. https://doi.org/10.1097/00152193-2006020... )	S.A. Salladay	Putting your life on the line	Note to editor/reflection	USA/English	Not applicable
04	Biblioteca Digital da USP/2008(²¹21. Dolor ALT. Atendimento pré-hospitalar: histórico do papel do enfermeiro e os desafios ético-legais[dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2008.)	A.L.T. Dolor	Atendimento pré-hospitalar: histórico do papel do enfermeiro e os desafios ético-legais	Dissertation/document analysis	Brazilian/Portuguese	Emergência; Enfermagem; Ético-Legais; História da Enfermagem; Pré-Hospitalar
05	Australian Nursing Journal/2008(²²22. Johnstone M. Emergency situations and refusals to care. Aust Nurs Midwifery J [Internet]. 2008 [citado em 2023 jan. 22];15(9):21. Disponível em: https://www.proquest.com/openview/8c26e26d33166a4ef80a7dbe15ad147c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=33490 2022-12-30. https://www.proquest.com/openview/8c26e2... )	M.J. Johnstone	Emergency situations and refusals to care	Article/editorial	Australia/English	Not applicable
06	The Journal of the New York State Nurses’ Association/2008(²³23. Pacsi AL. Case study: an ethical dilemma involving a dying patient. J N Y State Nurses Assoc. 2008;39(1):4–7. PubMed PMID: 19105511. https://doi.org/19105511... )	A.L. Pacsi	Case study: an ethical dilemma involving a dying patient	Article/case study	USA/English	Not applicable
07	Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness/2008(²⁴24. Tabery J, Macckett CW. Ethics of triage in the event of an influenza pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2008;2(2):114–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31816c408b. https://doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31816c... )	J. Tabery, C.M. Macckett	Ethics of triage in the event of an influenza pandemic	Article/essay	USA/English	Direct Multiplier Effect; Ethics; Influenza Pandemic; Public Health; Triage; Utility
08	International Disaster Nursing/2010(²⁵25. Toiviainen L, Daily E. Disaster ethics. In: Powers R, Daily E , editors. International disaster nursing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. p. 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841415.030. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841415... )	L.D. Toiviainen, E. Daily	Disaster ethics	Book chapter/descriptive	Australia/English	Not applicable
09	Journal of Emergency Management/2013(²⁶26. Fung OW, Loke AY. Nurses’ willingness and readiness to report for duty in a disaster. Int J Emerg Manag. 2013;11(1):25–37. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2013.0125.PubMed PMID: 24187742. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2013.0125... )	O.W. Fung, A.Y. Loke	Nurses’ willingness and readiness to report for duty in a disaster	Article/cross-sectional description	China/English	Disaster Nursing Management; Hong Kong Nurses; Readiness to Work; Willingness to Report for Duty; Workforce Management
10	Journal of Nursing Management/2014(²⁷27. Ben Natan M, Nige lS, Yevdayev I, Qadan M, Dudkiewicz M. Nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22(7):931–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12058. PubMed PMID: 23879468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12058... )	M. Ben Natan, S. Nigel, I. Yevdayev, M. Qadan, M. Dudkiewicz	Nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel	Article/self-administered questionnaire	Israel/English	Earthquake; Israel; Nurse; Willingness
11	Nursing Ethics/2015(²⁸28. Aliakbari F, Hammad K, Bahrami M, Aein F. Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(4):493–503. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014534877. PubMed PMID: 24990864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014534877... )	F. Aliakbari, K. Hammad, M. Bahrami, F. Aein	Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing	Article/descriptive study	Iran/English	Competencies; Iran; Disaster; Ethics; Law; Nurse; Professional Responsibility
12	MedSurg Matters Newsletter/2017(²⁹29. Cassidy CJ. A nurse’s ethical obligation during a pandemic. Medsurg Nurs. [Internet] 2017Nov-Dec [citado em 2023 fev 11];26(6):1–3. Disponível em: https://library.amsn.org/amsn/articles/737/view. https://library.amsn.org/amsn/articles/7... )	C.J. Cassidy	A Nurse’s Ethical Obligation During a Pandemic	Article/descriptive study	USA/English	Ethics, Nursing; Disease; Outbreaks; Nurse Attitudes
13	Nursing Standard/2017(³⁰30. DowieI. Legal, ethical and professional aspects of duty of care for nurses. Nurs Stand. 2017;32(16–19):47–52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10959. PubMed PMID: 29250939. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10959... )	I. Dowie	Legal, ethical and professional aspects of duty of care for nurses	Article/descriptive study	Wales/English	Accountability; Duty of Care; Ethical Issues; Legal Issues; Negligence; Professional Issues; Standards of Care
14	Critical Care Medicine/2018(³¹31. Papadimos TJ, Marcolini EG, Hadian M, Hardart GE, Ward N, Levy MM, et al. Ethics of outbreaks position statement. Part 1: therapies, treatment limitations, and duty to treat. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(11):1842–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003416. PubMed PMID: 30312224. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.000000000000... )	T.J. Papadimos, E.G. Marcolini, M. Hadian, G.E. Hardart, N. Ward, M.M. Levy, et al.	Ethics of outbreaks position statement. part 1: Therapies, treatment limitations, and duty to treat	Article/literature review	USA/English	Disease Outbreaks; Ethics; Experimental Therapies; Medical Research; Moral Duty; Public Health
15	Nursing Ethics/2020(³²32. McNeill C, Alfred D, Nash T, Chilton J, Swanson MS. Characterization of nurses’ duty to care and willingness to report. Nurs Ethics. 2020;27(2): 348–59. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019846645. PubMed PMID: 31113285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019846645... )	C. McNeill, D. Alfred, T. Nash, J. Chilton, M.S. Swanson	Characterization of nurses’ duty to care and willingness to report	Article/ cross-sectional descriptive study	USA/English	Survey; Disaster Planning; Duty to Care; Nursing Ethics; Willingness to Report
16	Nursing Ethics/2022(³³33. Liu X, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen C, Wu Q, Xu H, et al. Ethical dilemmas faced by frontline support nurses fighting COVID-19. Nurs Ethics. 2022;29(1): 7–18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09697330211015284. PubMed PMID: 34254552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733021101528... )	X.X. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, C. Wu, Q. Xu, H. Zhu, P. Waidley, E. Waidley	Ethical dilemmas faced by frontline support nurses fighting COVID-19	Article/phenomenological study	China/English	COVID-19; Ethical Dilemmas; Frontline Nurses; Qualitative Research; Teamwork
17	Prehospital Disaster and Medicine/2022(³⁴34. Fairley R, Emanuel T, Goettl B. Staff augmentation during disaster response. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022;37(1):1–3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X22000024. PubMed PMID: 35039111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X2200002... )	R. Fairley, T. Emanuel, B. Goettl	Staff Augmentation during Disaster Response	Article/description	USA/English	Ethics; Medicolegal; Surge Staffing

No. dilemma	Document number	Title of reference source and year of publication	Ethical-legal dilemma
01	05	Emergency situations and refusals to care (2008)(²²22. Johnstone M. Emergency situations and refusals to care. Aust Nurs Midwifery J [Internet]. 2008 [citado em 2023 jan. 22];15(9):21. Disponível em: https://www.proquest.com/openview/8c26e26d33166a4ef80a7dbe15ad147c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=33490 2022-12-30. https://www.proquest.com/openview/8c26e2... )	Professional/functional duty in the face of family demands: obligation to report to work in cases of emergency/disaster, what is the priority? Profession or family?
	09	Nurses’ willingness and readiness to report for duty in a disaster (2013)(²⁶26. Fung OW, Loke AY. Nurses’ willingness and readiness to report for duty in a disaster. Int J Emerg Manag. 2013;11(1):25–37. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2013.0125.PubMed PMID: 24187742. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2013.0125... )
	12	Nurse’s Ethical Obligation During a Pandemic (2017)(²⁹29. Cassidy CJ. A nurse’s ethical obligation during a pandemic. Medsurg Nurs. [Internet] 2017Nov-Dec [citado em 2023 fev 11];26(6):1–3. Disponível em: https://library.amsn.org/amsn/articles/737/view. https://library.amsn.org/amsn/articles/7... )
	14	Ethics of Outbreaks Position Statement. Part 1: Therapies, Treatment Limitations, and Duty to Treat. Critical care medicine (2018)(³¹31. Papadimos TJ, Marcolini EG, Hadian M, Hardart GE, Ward N, Levy MM, et al. Ethics of outbreaks position statement. Part 1: therapies, treatment limitations, and duty to treat. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(11):1842–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003416. PubMed PMID: 30312224. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.000000000000... )
	15	Characterization of nurses’ duty to care and willingness to report (2020)(³²32. McNeill C, Alfred D, Nash T, Chilton J, Swanson MS. Characterization of nurses’ duty to care and willingness to report. Nurs Ethics. 2020;27(2): 348–59. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019846645. PubMed PMID: 31113285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019846645... )
02	10	Nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel (2014)(²⁷27. Ben Natan M, Nige lS, Yevdayev I, Qadan M, Dudkiewicz M. Nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22(7):931–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12058. PubMed PMID: 23879468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12058... )	Availability to work in disasters: does concern about family members regarding the lack of medication during disasters interfere with professionals’ ability to be prepared?
03	03	Putting your life on the line (2006)(²⁰20. Salladay SA. Putting your life on the line. Nursing. 2006;36(2):24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200602000-00016. PubMed PMID: 16462240. https://doi.org/10.1097/00152193-2006020... )	Personal safety in disasters: to what extent is the balance between professionals’ personal safety and the care provided?
04	02	Does reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation exist among emergency healthcare providers as first responders? (2005)(¹⁹19. Giammaria M, Frittelli W, Belli R, Chinaglia A, De Michelis B, Ierna S, et al. Does reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation exist among emergency healthcare providers as first responders? Ital Heart J Suppl. 2005;6(2):90–104. PubMed PMID: 15822733. https://doi.org/15822733... )	Lack of personal protective equipment and unsafe conditions at work: can professionals refuse to work due to lack of personal protective equipment (e.g., mouth-to-mouth resuscitation)? Would this be a justified refusal? Is there a risk of reducing the number of providers?
04	05	Emergency situations and refusals to care (2008)(²²22. Johnstone M. Emergency situations and refusals to care. Aust Nurs Midwifery J [Internet]. 2008 [citado em 2023 jan. 22];15(9):21. Disponível em: https://www.proquest.com/openview/8c26e26d33166a4ef80a7dbe15ad147c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=33490 2022-12-30. https://www.proquest.com/openview/8c26e2... )
05	07	Ethics of triage in the event of an influenza pandemic (2008)(²⁴24. Tabery J, Macckett CW. Ethics of triage in the event of an influenza pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2008;2(2):114–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31816c408b. https://doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31816c... )	Technical preparation to act in disasters: can/should professionals act even without specific preparation?
	08	Disaster Ethics (2010)(²⁵25. Toiviainen L, Daily E. Disaster ethics. In: Powers R, Daily E , editors. International disaster nursing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. p. 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841415.030. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841415... )
	10	Nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel (2014)(²⁷27. Ben Natan M, Nige lS, Yevdayev I, Qadan M, Dudkiewicz M. Nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22(7):931–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12058. PubMed PMID: 23879468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12058... )
06	06	Case study: an ethical dilemma involving a dying patient (2008)(²³23. Pacsi AL. Case study: an ethical dilemma involving a dying patient. J N Y State Nurses Assoc. 2008;39(1):4–7. PubMed PMID: 19105511. https://doi.org/19105511... )	Religious status of victims: “Jehovah’s Witness”. Can refusal due to religious belief override life-sustaining intervention? (e.g., victim with internal bleeding requiring surgery and blood transfusion)
07	01	Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes (2002)(¹⁸18. Beckman AW, Sloan BK, Moore GP, Cordell WH, Brizendine EJ, Boie ET, et al. Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes. AEM. 2002;9(2):154–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb00234.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002... )	Minor victims in emergencies/disasters: whether or not to allow parents to be present during procedures or transportation? Who makes this decision?
08	16	Ethical dilemmas faced by frontline support nurses fighting COVID-19 (2022)(³³33. Liu X, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen C, Wu Q, Xu H, et al. Ethical dilemmas faced by frontline support nurses fighting COVID-19. Nurs Ethics. 2022;29(1): 7–18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09697330211015284. PubMed PMID: 34254552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733021101528... )	The issue of skills: can professionals work without the appropriate specialization? (e.g., case of the COVID-19 pandemic in which professionals from other sectors, such as emergency and other clinics, were transferred to Intensive Care Units)
08	17	Staff Augmentation during Disaster Response (2022)(³⁴34. Fairley R, Emanuel T, Goettl B. Staff augmentation during disaster response. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022;37(1):1–3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X22000024. PubMed PMID: 35039111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X2200002... )
09	04	Atendimento pré-hospitalar: histórico do papel do enfermeiro e os desafios ético-legais (2008)(²¹21. Dolor ALT. Atendimento pré-hospitalar: histórico do papel do enfermeiro e os desafios ético-legais[dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2008.)	Challenges in pre-hospital care (definitive airway in situations where supraglottic devices are not available): what are the limits between clinical necessity and legality in cases of emergencies/disasters?
10	04		Challenges in pre-hospital care (interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation): who makes the decision? When to decide to interrupt?
11	13	Legal, ethical and professional aspects of duty of care for nurses (2017)(³⁰30. DowieI. Legal, ethical and professional aspects of duty of care for nurses. Nurs Stand. 2017;32(16–19):47–52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10959. PubMed PMID: 29250939. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10959... )	Regarding duty of care: when witnessing an emergency/disaster situation, is there an obligation on the professional to provide care to the victims?
12	13		Regarding duty of care: in an emergency/disaster situation, such as a terrorist attack or a significant fire, is it reasonable for an off-duty nurse to put herself in personal danger to protect the lives of others? Would it be fair or merely reasonable in such circumstances to impose a duty of care on nurses?
13	11	Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing (2015)(²⁸28. Aliakbari F, Hammad K, Bahrami M, Aein F. Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(4):493–503. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014534877. PubMed PMID: 24990864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014534877... )	Problems related to limits of professional practice: at the scene of the disaster, a professional realizes that they need to carry out an invasive procedure that they believe is not authorized from the point of view of professional standards. Knowing that there is a medical professional on site, even in a chaotic disaster situation, can/should the professional carry out the procedure? Does the presence of a medical professional affect the decision?

[1] Corresponding author: Alex Coelho da Silva Duarte, Rua Rodolfo Dantas, 110, Copacabana, 22020-040 – Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, alexcsduarte@hotmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Ethical-legal dilemmas of nursing practice in emergencies and disasters: a scoping review

Dilemas ético-legales de la práctica de enfermería en emergencias y desastres: revisión del alcance

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Method:

Results:

Conclusion: