El control de la hipertensión arterial en mujeres y hombres: un análisis comparativo

Silva, Stael Silvana Bagno Eleutério da; Oliveira, Sofia de Fátima da Silva Barbosa de; Pierin, Angela Maria Geraldo

doi:10.1590/S0080-623420160000100007

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • REEUSPRev. esc. enferm. USP 50 (1) • Feb 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000100007 copiar

El control de la hipertensión arterial en mujeres y hombres: un análisis comparativo

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

OBJETIVO

Comparar a mujeres y hombres hipertensos en cuanto al control de la hipertensión arterial, variables biosociales, hábitos y estilos de vida, desórdenes mentales comunes y apoyo social.

MÉTODO

Fueron analizados 290 hipertensos (el 62,1% de mujeres). La presión arterial fue medida con aparato automático; evaluación social por la Escala de Apoyo Social; y desórdenes mentales comunes porSelf Report Questionnaire , p<0,05 fue considerado significativo.

RESULTADOS

Las mujeres fueron distintas de los hombres (p<0,05) en los siguientes aspectos: presión más controlada (el 64,4%vs el 52,7%); menores ingresos; menos Diabetes; colesterol total más elevado; mayor índice de masa corpórea y de circunferencia abdominal; presión sistólica menor; menor ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas; y más presencia de desórdenes mentales comunes. La evaluación del apoyo social desveló que las mujeres tenían menos ayuda en la preparación de las comidas, pero más compañía para actividades agradables y de ocio.

CONCLUSIÓN

Se verificó que las mujeres hipertensas estaban más controladas que los hombres, pese a la existencia de variables biopsicosociales negativas que pueden influenciar la adhesión al tratamiento.

Descriptores
Presión Arterial; Mujeres; Hombres; Hipertensión

Variables	Gender
	Male N=110		Female N=180		TOTAL N=290		Value p
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Ethnicity							0.908
White	59	56.2	99	56.9	158	56.6
Non-White	46	43.8	75	43.1	121	43.4
Marital Status							0.212
Without a partner (m/f)	37	34.3	75	41.7	112	38.9
With a partner (m/f)	71	65.7	105	58.3	176	61.1
Level of Education							0.772
Illiterate/ Read and Write	25	24.0	45	26.5	70	25.5
Primary/High School Education	77	74.0	120	70.6	197	71.9
University Education	2	1.9	5	2.9	7	2.6
Income (minimum salaries)							0.004
? 3	57	55.3	114	72.6	171	65.8
> 3	46	44.7	43	27.4	89	34.2
Diabetes	40	36.7	42	23.5	82	28.5	0.016
Heart Attack	13	12.5	10	6.0	23	8.5	0.061
High Cholesterol	34	32.7	80	47.3	114	41.8	0.017
Encephalic vascular accident	8	7.7	9	5.3	17	6.2	0.432
Controlled Pressure (<140/90 mmHg)	58	52.7	116	64.4	174	60.0	0.048
Alcohol Consumption							<0.0001
No	38	39.6	128	79.0	166	64.3
Yes	36	37.5	23	14.2	59	22.9
Stopped	22	22.9	11	6.8	33	12.8
Smoking	16	14.8	15	8.5	31	10.9	0.099
Physical activity	41	38.0	53	29.8	94	32.9	0.153
Age (years) Average (Deviation from Standard)	61.2(10.8)		59.5(12.4)		60.1(11.8)		0.099
Body mass index (Kg/m²) Average (Deviation from Standard)	28.7(5.4)		29.9(5.4)		29.5(5,)3		0.036
Abdomen circumference (cm) Average (Deviation from Standard)	102.3(14.3)		98.9(116.5)		100.2(12.8)		0.040
Systolic Pressure Average (Deviation from Standard)	142.5(23.5)		136.6(21.5)		138.8(22.4)		0.008
Diastolic Pressure Average (Deviation from Standard)	82.6(12.9)		80.22(1.4)		81.1(12.0)		0.073

Variables	Reponses
	No		Yes		Value p
	M	W	M	W

Presence of a disorder	69.2	37.2	30.8	62.8	0.000
In the last thirty days Mr/Mrs/Ms
01 - Do you have frequent headaches?	73.8	57.6	26.2	42.4	0.006
02- Do you have a lack of appetite?	74.8	76.2	25.2	23.8	0.792
03- Are you a bad sleeper?	60.7	51.7	39.3	48.3	0.141
04- Are you easily frightened?	78.5	51.8	21.5	48.2	<0.0001
05- Does your hand tremble?	79.4	76.7	20.6	23.3	0.599
06- Do you feel anxious (m/f), tense(m/f), worried (m/f)?	40.2	23.3	59.8	76.7	0.003
07- Do you have indigestion?	88.8	64.3	11.2	35.7	<0.0001
08- Do you have difficulty in thinking clearly?	64.5	53.5	35.5	46.5	0.071
09- Have you been feeling sad lately?	66.4	42.4	33.6	57.6	<0.0001
10- Have you been crying more than normal?	90.7	67.4	9.3	32.6	<0.0001
11-Have you been finding it difficult to carry out your daily activities?	68.2	62.2	31.8	37.8	0.307
12- Do you have difficulties in making decisions?	76.6	61.6	23.4	38.4	0.009
13-Do you have problems at your place of work?	86.0	73.1	14.0	26.9	0.012
14- Are you not able to act in a useful way in your life?	84.9	71.5	15.1	28.5	0.010
15- Have you been losing interest in things in general?	85.0	69.8	15.0	30.2	0.004
16- Do you feel like you are someone who is useless and has no value?	88.8	77.2	11.2	22.8	0.015
17- Have you been thinking of taking your own life?	96.3	93.6	3.7	6.4	0.339
18- Do you feel tired (m/f) all the time?	67.0	57.6	33.0	42.4	0.117
19- Do you have an upset stomach?	77.6	64.5	22.4	35.5	0.021
20- Do you get tired easily?	62.6	51.2	37.4	48.8	0.061

Questions	The Scores for the questions
	Never (1)		Rarely (2)		Sometimes (3)		Almost always (4)		Always (5)		Value p
	M	W	M	W	M	W	M	W	M	W
If needed, how often can you count on someone... (%)
Material Acts (Acts done to satisfy a physical need) (DP=Percentage Distribution)^* * p<0.05 average (DP) M=17.4 (4.6) W=16.5(4.6)
1 Someone to help, if you are stuck in bed?	6.6	6.5	3.8	11.2	4.7	11.2	4.7	4.7	80.2	66.5	0.058
2. Someone to take you to the doctor?	6.6	6.0	4.7	5.4	10.4	10.8	4.7	5.4	73.6	72.5	0.996
3. Someone to do your daily tasks if you are ill?	8.8	8.9	3.9	7.1	7.8	16.7	2.0	1.8	77.5	65.5	0.190
4. Someone to prepare your meals if you can't?	6.6	6.4	2.8	9.9	4.7	11.1	1.9	2.9	84.0	69.6	0.045
Emotional Acts, acts done to satisfy an emotional need, average (DP) M= 13.5(2.5) W=13.5(2.5)
5. Someone that shows love and affection towards you?	0.0	1.2	7.5	4.2	6.5	4.8	5.6	7.8	80.4	82.0	0.493
6. Someone that can give you a hug?	1.9	1.8	6.6	2.9	9.4	6.5	5.7	8.8	76.4	80.0	0.443
7. Someone that loves you and makes you feel loved?	2.8	0.6	3.8	4.7	6.6	3.5	7.5	7.1	79.2	84.1	0.418
Other Emotional Needs average (DP) M=16.9(4.4) W=16.9(4.3)
8. Someone to listen to you when you need to speak to someone?	2.8	3.6	8.4	5.3	12.1	7.7	5.6	8.9	71.0	74.6	0.481
9. Someone who you can trust and tell your problems to?	4.8	5.4	10.5	4.8	12.4	7.2	3.8	6.6	68.6	76.0	0.176
10. Someone to share your worries and fears?	6.7	3.6	9.6	9.1	11.5	9.1	2.9	6.1	69.2	72.1	0.546
11. Someone who can understand your problems?	1.9	2.4	7.5	9.0	12.3	9.6	4.7	7.2	73.6	71.9	0.855
The Provision of Information, average (DP) (DP) M=16.4(5.1) W=16.6(4.5)
12. Someone that can give advice when in a crisis?	2.9	5.5	4.9	2.4	13.7	10.9	4.9	6.1	73.5	75.2	0.623
13. Someone that gives information in order for you to understand a situation?	3.8	3.7	6.7	6.2	14.4	9.3	2.9	6.8	72.1	73.9	0.497
14. Someone that real wants advice?	9.9	5.5	9.9	10.3	6.9	12.7	5.0	4.2	68.3	67.3	0.430
15. Someone that gives suggestions for personal problems?	3.9	4.9	10.8	8.5	9.8	9.8	3.9	7.3	71.6	69.5	0.789
Positive Interactions, average (DP) M=12.5(3.3) W=12.8(3.3)
16. Someone to do fun things with?	2.9	7.6	10.6	5.9	19.2	10.0	3.8	7.6	63.5	68.8	0.037
17. Someone to take your mind off things?	0.9	4.2	10.3	7.1	22.4	8.3	1.9	7.7	64.5	72.6	0.002
18. Someone with whom you can relax?	0.0	5.3	11.2	4.7	17.8	12.9	4.7	7.0	66.4	70.2	0.023

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419 , 05403-000 São Paulo - SP/ Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 3061-7553, - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: reeusp@usp.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Maria Geraldo Pierin. Heitor Penteado, 250, Apto. 63, CEP 05438-000 - São Paulo, SP, Brazil. pierin@usp.br