PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL DE INFECCIONES RELACIONADAS CON EL MANEJO DEL CATÉTER ARTERIAL PERIFÉRICO

Pereira, Vitória Helena; Cruz, Maria Cristina Mendes de Almeida; Galon, Tanyse; Januário, Gabriela da Cunha; Contim, Divanice; Santos, Mariana Alvina dos; Monteiro, Damiana Aparecida Trindade; Toffano, Silmara Elaine Malaguti

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Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem

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Sumário

Literature Review • Texto contexto - enferm. 33 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2023-0208en copiar

PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL DE INFECCIONES RELACIONADAS CON EL MANEJO DEL CATÉTER ARTERIAL PERIFÉRICO

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

describir la evidencia científica sobre buenas prácticas para el manejo de catéteres arteriales periféricos.

Método:

revisión integradora, realizada a través de una búsqueda en las bases de datos Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Biblioteca Virtual en Enfermería en Salud, National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus TopCited y Web of Science en marzo de 2021. Se incluyeron artículos en portugués, inglés y español, sin límite de tiempo en la búsqueda.

Resultados:

se encontraron 49 artículos. En la inserción, las medidas incluyeron higiene de manos, preparación de la piel, técnica de no contacto, técnica aséptica y barrera protectora, componentes y transductores estériles, Inserción de catéter arterial periférico, intentos de inserción, uso de ultrasonido y medidas de comodidad. Durante el mantenimiento se identificaron problemas relacionados con el sitio de inserción, circuito de presión arterial invasiva, conectores, vendaje y estabilización y, durante el retiro, aspectos como complicaciones locales y sistémicas, luego del retiro del catéter arterial periférico.

Conclusión:

el estudio proporciona información crucial para el manejo eficaz de los catéteres arteriales periféricos, contribuyendo a la reducción de complicaciones y mejora de los resultados clínicos. Al actualizar sus prácticas, los profesionales de la salud pueden garantizar una mayor seguridad y bienestar a los pacientes, buscando siempre brindar una excelente atención.

DESCRIPTORES:
Dispositivos de acceso vascular; Sepsis; Cateterismo periférico; Adulto; Enfermería

ID* LoE^† place and date	Design	Objective	Approach
O’Grady et al.1717. O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, Gerberding Jl, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Rev Pediatrics [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 Sep 15];110(5):e51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.5.e51 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.5.e51... LoE^†: VII USA/2002	Review, guideline	To create a guideline for the prevention of infections related to intravascular catheters.	Hand hygiene.
Maki, Crnich1818. Maki DG, Crnich CJ. Line sepsis in the ICU: Prevention, diagnosis, and management. Rev Semin Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2022 Sep 19];24(1):23-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37914 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37914... LoE^†: VII USA/2003	Review	To identify the risks of healthcare-related infections caused by catheters in intensive care.	Skin antisepsis.
Cousins, O’Donnel1919. Cousins TR, O’Donnel JM. Arterial cannulation: A critical review. AANA J. 2004;72(4):267-71. LoE^†: V USA/2004	Review	To examine the radial, brachial, axillary and femoral arterial puncture sites.	Puncture site.
Koh et al.2020. Koh DBC, Gowardman JR, Rickard CM, Robertson IK, Brown A. Prospective study of peripheral arterial catheter infection and comparison with concurrently sited central venous catheters. Rev Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 Sep 3];36(2):397-402. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318161f74b https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318161... LoE^†: VI Australia/ 2008	Descriptive, quantitative, observational	To measure colonization and rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection in arterial catheters.	The choice of the radial artery without specifying which side of the limb. Infection rate.
Martins et al.2121. Martins KA, Tipple AFV, Souza ACS, Barreto RASS, Siqueira KM, Barbosa JM. Adesão às medidas de prevenção e controle de infecção de acesso vascular periférico pelos profissionais da equipe de enfermagem. Rev Ciênc Cuid Saúde [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 Sep 7];7(4):485-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v7i4.6634 https://doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v... LoE^†: VI Brazil/2008	Descriptive, observational	To verify nursing professionals adherence to asepsis recommendations when installing and handling the PVC**.	Skin antisepsis.
Small et al.2222. Small H, Adams D, Casey AL, Crosby CT, Lambert PA, Elliott T. Efficacy of adding 2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate to 70% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol for skin disinfection prior to peripheral venous cannulation. Rev Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 Sep 8];29(10):963-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1086/590664 https://doi.org/10.1086/590664... LoE^†: II United Kingdom/2008	Randomized clinical trial	To compare the effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol and 70% isopropyl alcohol for skin disinfection to prevent catheter-related healthcare-related infections.	Skin antisepsis.
Lee et al.2323. Lee WL, Chen HL, Tsai TY, Chang WC, Huang CH, Fang CT. Risk factors for peripheral intravenous catheter infection in hospitalized patients: A prospective study of 3165 patients. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Sep 16];37(8):683-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2009.02.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2009.02.0... LoE^†: II Taiwan/2009	Randomized clinical trial	To examine whether the scheduled change interval from 48 to 72 hours to 72 to 96 hours is a risk factor for PVC** infection.	Skin antisepsis.
López et al.2424. López JLG, Palacio EFD, Marti CB, Corral JO, Portal PH, Vilela AA. COSMOS - A study comparing peripheral intravenous systems. Br J Nurs [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Sep 19];18(14):844-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2009.18.14.43351 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2009.18.14... LoE^†: II Spain/2009	Randomized clinical trial	To investigate the clinical performance of a closed infusion system compared to an open system in PVC**.	For skin antisepsis, 70% alcohol.
Lemaster et al.2525. Lemaster CH, Agrawal AT, Hou P, Schuur JD. Systematic review of emergency department central venous and arterial catheter infection. Int J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2022 Sep 6];3(4):409-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12245-010-0225-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12245-010-0225-... LoE^†: V USA/2010	Systematic review	To carry out a systematic review of CVC^§ and PAC^‡‡ studies inserted in emergencies.	Invasive line in emergency sectors and maximum barrier precautions.
Koh et al.2626. Koh DBC, Robertson IK, Watts M, Davies AN. Density of microbial colonization on external and internal surfaces of concurrently placed intravascular devices. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Sep 1];21(3):162-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2012675 https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2012675... LoE^†: IV Australia/2012	Descriptive, quantitative, prospective and observational	To determine catheter colonization rates after removal.	Skin antisepsis, maximum sterile barrier, sterile drape and glove.
Vezzani et al.2727. Vezzani A, Manca T, Vercelli A, Braghieri A, Magnacavallo A. Ultrasonography as a guide during vascular access procedures and in the diagnosis of complications. J Ultrasound [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Oct 4];16(4):161-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-013-0046-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-013-0046-... LoE^†: VI Italy/2013	Descriptive, prospective, observational, review	To use ultrasound as a guide during vascular access procedures.	Ultrasound use, Allen test.
López et al.2828. López JLG, Vilela AA, Palacio EFD, Corral JO, Martí CB, Portal PH. Indwell times, complications and costs of open vs closed safety peripheral intravenous catheters: A randomized study. J Hosp Infect [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Sep 17];86(2):117-26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.10.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.10.0... LoE^†: II Spain/2014	Randomized clinical trial	To compare closed system PVC with open system PVC.	Skin antisepsis.
Calero et al. 2929. Calero MAR, Cerdá SMA, Juan EP, Sánchez DH. Antisépticos para la prevención de la infección relacionada con catéteres vasculares: Revisión sistemática. Rev Index Enferm [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Sep 22];24(4):270-4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1132-12962015000300018 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1132-1296201500... LoE^†: V Spain/2015	Systematic review	To establish which antiseptic solution is most suitable for skin antisepsis to prevent healthcare-related infections caused by catheter use.	Skin antisepsis.
Melo, et al.3030. Melo EM, Aragão AL, Pessoa CMP, Lima FET, Barbosa IV, Studart RMB, et al. Cuidados dispensados pela equipe de enfermagem durante o procedimento de punção venosa periférica. Rev Enferm UFPE On Line [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Sep 16];9(3):1022-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v9i3a10430p1022-1030-2015 https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v9i3a1... LoE^†: VI Brazil/2015	Descriptive	To analyze the care provided by nursing professionals during peripheral venipuncture.	Skin antisepsis.
Choudhury et al.3131. Choudhury MA, Marsh N, Banu S, Paterson DL, Rickard CM, McMillan DJ. Molecular comparison of bacterial communities on peripheral intravenous catheters and matched skin Swabs. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Sep 13];11(1):e0146354. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146354 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014... LoE^†: II Australia/2016	Randomized clinical trial	To determine bacterial community structures in the skin at insertion sites and associated PVC**.	Skin antisepsis.
Evans et al.3232. Evans O, Gowardman J, Rabbolini D, McGrail M, Rickard CM. In situ diagnostic methods for catheter related bloodstream infection in burns patients: A pilot study. Rev Burns [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Sep 12];42(2):434-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2015.07.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2015.07.... LoE^†: IV Australia/2016	Descriptive, quantitative, comparative	To assess the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of two in situ diagnostic methods for healthcare-related infection prevention related to catheter use in adults hospitalized for burns.	Skin antisepsis, sterile technique, maximum protection barriers, ultrasound use.
Kiefer, Keller, Weekes3333. Kiefer D, Keller SM, Weekes A. Prospective evaluation of ultrasound-guided short catheter placement in internal jugular veins of difficult venous access patients. Rev Am J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Sep 7];34(3):578-81. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.11.069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.11.0... LoE^†: VI USA/2016	Descriptive and prospective	To assess the immediate and short-term incidence of complications from catheters in the internal jugular vein.	Ultrasound use.
Zhang et al.3434. Zhang L, Gowardman J, Morrison M, Runnegar N, Rickard CM. Microbial biofilms associated with intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections in adult intensive care patients. Rev Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Oct 2];35(2):201-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2530-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2530-... LoE^†: VI Australia/2016	Descriptive, quantitative	To assess the results of bacteriological culture of intravascular catheters.	PAC^‡‡ colonization.
Marsh et al.3535. Marsh N, Larsen E, Genzel J, Mihala G, Ullman AJ, Kleidon T, et al. A novel integrated dressing to secure peripheral intravenous catheters in an adult acute hospital: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Rev Trials [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Oct 14];19(1):596. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2985-9a https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2985-... LoE^†: II Australia/2018a	Randomized clinical trial	To compare two coverage methods for PVC**.	Skin antisepsis.
Rickard et al.3636. Rickard CM, Marsh N, Webster J, Runnegar N, Larsen E, McGrail MR, et al. Dressings and securements for the prevention of peripheral intravenous catheter failure in adults (SAVE): A pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Sep 8];392(10145):419-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31380-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31... LoE^†: II Australia/2018	Randomized clinical trial	To compare the effectiveness and costs of three types of PVC** polyurethane dressings.	Skin antisepsis.
Timsit et al.3737. Timsit JF, Rupp M, Bouza E, Chopra V, Kärpänen T, Laupland K, et al. A state of the art review on optimal practices to prevent, recognize, and manage complications associated with intravascular devices in the critically ill. Rev Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Sep 6];44(6):742-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5212-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5212-... LoE^†: V France/2018	Review	To provide updated information on available knowledge on the epidemiology and diagnosis of CVC^§ and PAC^‡‡ complications in the Intensive Care Unit.	Ultrasound use.
Bakan, Arli3838. Bakan AB, Arli SK. Development of the peripheral and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention knowledge and attitudes scale. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 20]; 26(1):35-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12422 https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12422... LoE^†: No categorization Turkey/2019	Methodological study, review	To develop a scale to assess nurses’ knowledge and attitudes about healthcare-related infection prevention related to PVC** and CVC^§ use.	Hand hygiene before and after insertion; antiseptic and glove use.
Choudhury et al.3939. Choudhury MA, Sidjabat HE, Zowawi HM, Marsh N, Larsen E, Runnegar N, et al. Skin colonization at peripheral intravenous catheter insertion sites increases the risk of catheter colonization and infection. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 20];47(12):1484-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.06.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.06.0... LoE^†: VI Australia/2019	Descriptive, quantitative	To assess the impact of PVC** insertion site colonization and the occurrence of primary bloodstream infections.	Skin antisepsis.
Lanza et al.4040. Lanza VE, Alves APP, Camargo AMS, Cacciari P, Montandon DS, Godoy S. Medidas preventivas de infecção relacionada ao cateter venoso periférico: Adesão em terapia intensiva. Rev Rene [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 10];20(1):e40715. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15235/2175-6783.20192040715 https://doi.org/10.15235/2175-6783.20192... LoE^†: VI Brazil/2019	Descriptive	To analyze nursing professionals’ adherence to preventive measures for PVC** infection.	Skin antisepsis.
Parreira et al. 4141. Parreira P, Serambeque B, Costa PS, Mónico LS, Oliveira V, Sousa LB, et al. Impact of an innovative securement dressing and tourniquet in peripheral intravenous catheter-related complications and contamination: An interventional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Oct 16];16(18):3301. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183301 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183301... LoE^†: III Portugal/2019	Clinical trial	To assess the impact of single-use disposable tourniquets and polyurethane dressings with reinforced edges on the occurrence of complications related to PVC** use.	Skin antisepsis.
Simin et al.4242. Simin D, Milutinovic D, Turkulov V, Brkic S. Incidence, severity and risk factors of peripheral intravenous cannula-induced complications: An observational prospective study. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 19];28(9-10):1585-99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14760 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14760... LoE^†: IV Serbia/ 2019	Descriptive	To determine the incidence, severity, and risk factors of PVC**-induced complications.	For skin antisepsis, 70% alcohol.
Simonetti et al.4343. Simonetti V, Comparcini D, Miniscalco D, Tirabassi R, Giovanni PD, Cicolini G. Assessing nursing students’ knowledge of evidence-based guidelines on the management of peripheral venous catheters: A multicentre cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 17];73:77-82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.11.023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.11.0... LoE^†: VI Italy/2019	Descriptive, cross-sectional	To determine nursing students’ theoretical knowledge about evidence-based guidelines for managing PVC** insertion and investigate potential predictive factors associated with adherence to recommendations.	Skin antisepsis.
Buetti et al. 4444. Buetti N, Ruckly S, Schwebel C, Mimoz O, Mimoz O, Souweine B, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge versus chlorhexidine gel dressing for short-term intravascular catheters: Which one is better? Crit Care [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 7];24(1):458. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03174-0 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03174... LoE^†: IV France/2020	Descriptive, quantitative, comparative	To compare the use of two types of chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated dressings for primary bloodstream infections prevention.	Skin antisepsis, hand antisepsis, sterile glove, sterile field, mask and gown use.
Keogh et al. 4545. Keogh S, Shelverton C, Flynn J, Mihala G, Mathew S, Davies KM, et al. Implementation and evaluation of short peripheral intravenous catheter flushing guidelines: A stepped wedge cluster randomised trial. BMC Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 6];18(1):252. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01728-1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01728... LoE^†: II Australia/2020	Randomized clinical trial	To assess the impact of a multifaceted intervention focused on PVC** maintenance.	Skin antisepsis.
Jiménez-Martínez et al.4646. Jiménez-Martínez D, Atescatenco-Pineda G, Flores-Montes I, Ordiano-Ramirez M, Bernal-Ponce NL, Cervera-Rojo M. Beneficios de la asepsia del sítio de inserción del catéter venoso periférico corto. Análisis de datos secundários. Rev Enferm Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Oct 10];28(3):192-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.24875/REIMSS.M20000007 https://doi.org/10.24875/REIMSS.M2000000... LoE^†: VI M exico/2020	Descriptive	To analyze the benefits of cleaning the PVC insertion site as a measure to maintain a functional short PVC as a maintenance option.	Skin antisepsis.
Larsen et al. 4747. Larsen EN, Marsh N, O’Brien C, Monteagle E, Friese C, Rickard CM. Inherent and modifiable risk factors for peripheral venous catheter failure during cancer treatment: A prospective cohort study. Support Care Cancer [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 15];29(3):1487-96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05643-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05643... LoE^†: IV Australia/2020	Descriptive, prospective cohort	To identify modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for PVC** failure.	Skin antisepsis, sterile gloves and sterile, disposable transducer kit.
Liu et al. 4848. Liu C, Chen L, Kong D, Lyu F, Luan L, Yang L. Incidence, risk factors and medical cost of peripheral intravenous catheter-related complications in hospitalised adult patients. J Vasc Access [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 4];23(1):57-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729820978124 https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729820978124... LoE^†: VI China/2020	Descriptive	To identify the incidence, risk factors, and medical costs of complications related to PVC** use.	Skin antisepsis.
Pérez-Granda et al.4949. Pérez- Granda MJ, Bouza E, Pinilla B, Cruces R, González A, Millán J, et al. Randomized clinical trial analyzing maintenance of peripheral venous catheters in an internal medicine unit: Heparin vs. saline. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 11];15(1):e0226251. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226251 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.022... LoE^†: II Spain/2020	Randomized clinical trial	To compare the phlebitis and colonization rates of PVC** tip.	Monitor the insertion site, skin antisepsis, 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine, connector disinfection, hand hygiene, change of gauze/dressing.
Schults et al.5050. Schults JA, Long D, Pearson K, Takashima M, Baveas T, Schlapbach LJ, et al. Insertion, management, and complications associated with arterial catheters in paediatric intensive care: A clinical audit. Aust Crit Care [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 6];33(4):326-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2019.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2019.05.0... LoE^†: VI Australia/2020	Descriptive, quantitative, observational	To describe PAC^‡‡ insertion and management practices and associated complications.	Skin antisepsis and ultrasound use.
Takahashi et al.5151. Takahashi T, Murayama R, Abe-Doi M, Miyahara-Kaneko M, Kanno C, Nakamura M, et al. Preventing peripheral intravenous catheter failure by reducing mechanical irritation. Scien Rep [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 15];10(1):1550. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56873-2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56873... LoE^†: II Japan/2020	Controlled clinical trial	To establish and assess an intervention method of a package of measures to prevent catheter failures.	Ultrasound use.
Timsit et al.5252. Timsit JF, Baleine J, Bernard L, Calvino-Gunther S, Darmon M, Dellamonica J, et al. Expert consensus-based clinical practice guidelines management of intravascular catheters in the intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 30];10(1):118. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00713-4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00713... LoE^†: VII France/2020	Review, guideline	To develop guidelines for CVC^§, PAC^‡‡ and dialysis catheter management in the Intensive Care Unit.	Skin antisepsis.
Vendramim et al.5353. Vendramim P, Avelar AFM, Rickard CM, Pedreira MDLG. The RESPECT trial-Replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters according to clinical reasons or every 96 hours: A randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Int J Nurs Stud [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 17];107:103504. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.... LoE^†: II Brazil/2020	Randomized clinical trial	To investigate the non-inferiority of clinically indicated PVC** replacement compared to routine replacement, every 96 hours, to prevent phlebitis.	Skin antisepsis.
Blanco-Mavillard et al.5454. Blanco-Mavillard I, Pedro-Gómez JE, Rodríguez- Calero MA, Bennasar-Veny M, Parra-García G, Fernández-Fernández I, et al. Multimodal intervention for preventing peripheral intravenous catheter failure in adults (PREBACP): A multicentre, cluster-randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Haematol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 16];8(9):637-47. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00206-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00... LoE^†: II Spain/2021	Randomized clinical trial	To determine the effectiveness and costs of a multimodal intervention to reduce PVC** failure.	Skin antisepsis.
Larsen et al.5555. Larsen EN, Corley A, Mitchell M, Lye I, Powel M, Tom S, et al. A pilot randomised controlled trial of dressing and securement methods to prevent arterial catheter failure in intensive care. Aust Crit Care [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 12];34(1):38-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.05.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.05.0... LoE^†: II Australia/2021	Randomized clinical trial	To compare PAC^‡‡ dressing and fixation methods to prevent device failure in adult Intensive Care Unit.	Skin antisepsis, sterile gloves, lidocaine use.
Rickard et al.5656. Rickard C, Marsh NM, Larsen EN, McGrail MR, Graves N, Runnegar N, et al. Effect of infusion set replacement intervals on catheter-related bloodstream infections (RSVP): A randomised, controlled, equivalence (central venous access device) -non-inferiority (peripheral arterial catheter) trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 23];397:1447-58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00351-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00... LoE^†: II Australia/2021	Randomized clinical trial	To compare the effectiveness and costs of 7-day versus 4-day infusion set replacement to prevent catheter-related primary bloodstream infections.	Skin antisepsis, sterile field and sterile glove use.

ID* LoE†	Design	Objective	Main results/approach
Covey et al.5757. Covey M, Mclane C, Smith N, Matasic J, Holm K. Infection related to intravascular pressure monitoring: Effects of flush and tubing changes. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2022 Sep 17];16(5):206-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(88)90061-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(88)900... LoE^†: VI USA/1988	Descriptive	To examine the effects of three catheter-related healthcare-associated infection prevention protocols.	Change of sterile circuit, saline solution and transducer.
Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee5858. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Part II. Recommendations for the prevention of nosocomial intravascular device-related infections. Am J Infec Control [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2022 Sep 10];24(4):277-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90059-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90... LoE^†: V USA/1996	Review	To develop guidelines to reduce infectious complications associated with intravascular device use.	Change of dressing, sterile circuit, saline solution and transducer.
O’Grady et al.1717. O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, Gerberding Jl, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Rev Pediatrics [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 Sep 15];110(5):e51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.5.e51 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.5.e51... LoE^†: VII USA/2002	Review, guideline	To create a guideline for preventing infections related to intravascular catheters.	PAC^‡‡ change time, change of sterile circuit, saline solution and transducer every 96 hours.
Maki et al.5959. Maki DG, Kluger DM, Crnich CJ. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: A systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. Mayo Clin Proc [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2022 Sep 20];81(9):1159-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4065/81.9.1159 https://doi.org/10.4065/81.9.1159... LoE^†: VI USA/2006	Review	To identify the absolute and relative risks of bloodstream infection associated with various types of intravascular devices.	Catheter handling.
Koh et al.2020. Koh DBC, Gowardman JR, Rickard CM, Robertson IK, Brown A. Prospective study of peripheral arterial catheter infection and comparison with concurrently sited central venous catheters. Rev Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 Sep 3];36(2):397-402. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318161f74b https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318161... LoE^†: VI Australia/ 2008	Descriptive, quantitative, observational	To measure colonization and rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection in arterial catheters.	Change of sterile circuit, saline solution and transducer.
Martins et al.2121. Martins KA, Tipple AFV, Souza ACS, Barreto RASS, Siqueira KM, Barbosa JM. Adesão às medidas de prevenção e controle de infecção de acesso vascular periférico pelos profissionais da equipe de enfermagem. Rev Ciênc Cuid Saúde [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 Sep 7];7(4):485-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v7i4.6634 https://doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v... LoE^†: VI Brazil/2008	Descriptive, observational	To check nursing professionals’ adherence to asepsis recommendations when installing and handling the PVC**.	Connection antisepsis.
López et al.2424. López JLG, Palacio EFD, Marti CB, Corral JO, Portal PH, Vilela AA. COSMOS - A study comparing peripheral intravenous systems. Br J Nurs [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Sep 19];18(14):844-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2009.18.14.43351 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2009.18.14... LoE^†: II Spain/2009	Randomized clinical trial	To investigate the clinical performance of a closed infusion system compared to an open system in PVC**.	Dressing.
Koh et al.2626. Koh DBC, Robertson IK, Watts M, Davies AN. Density of microbial colonization on external and internal surfaces of concurrently placed intravascular devices. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Sep 1];21(3):162-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2012675 https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2012675... LoE^†: IV Australia/2012	Descriptive, quantitative, prospective and observational	To determine colonization rates in CVC^§, PAC^I, non-tunneled CVC^§ and PICC^†† segments after removal.	Change of sterile circuit, saline solution and transducer.
López et al. 2424. López JLG, Palacio EFD, Marti CB, Corral JO, Portal PH, Vilela AA. COSMOS - A study comparing peripheral intravenous systems. Br J Nurs [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Sep 19];18(14):844-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2009.18.14.43351 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2009.18.14... LoE^†: II Spain/2014	Controlled clinical trial	To compare closed system PVC with open system PVC.	Dressing, disinfection of connectors.
Gunther et al.6060. Gunther SC, Schwebel C, Hamidfar-Roy R, Bonadona A, Lugosi M, Ara-Somohano C, et al. Complications of intravascular catheters in ICU: Definitions, incidence and severity. A randomized controlled trial comparing usual transparent dressings versus new-generation dressings (the ADVANCED study). Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Jul 19];42(11):1753-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-016-4582-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-016-4582-... LoE^†: II France/2016	Randomized clinical trial	To describe post-insertion complications of intravascular access.	Dressing.
Loveday et al.6161. Loveday HP, Wilson JA, Prieto J, Wilcox MH. Epic3: Revised recommendation for intravenous catheter and catheter site care. J Hosp Infect [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Jun 17];92(4):346-48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.11.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.11.0... LoE^†: V England/2016	Review	To survey the evidence regarding dressings impregnated with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate.	Dressing.
Marsh et al.3535. Marsh N, Larsen E, Genzel J, Mihala G, Ullman AJ, Kleidon T, et al. A novel integrated dressing to secure peripheral intravenous catheters in an adult acute hospital: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Rev Trials [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Oct 14];19(1):596. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2985-9a https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2985-... LoE^†: II Australia/2018a	Randomized clinical trial	To compare two coverage methods for PVC**.	Dressing.
Marsh et al. 6262. Marsh N, Webster J, Larsen E, Genzel J, Cooke M, Mihala G, et al. Expert versus generalist inserters for peripheral intravenous catheter insertion: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Rev Trial [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 6];19(1):564. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2946-3b https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2946-... LoE^†: II Australia/2018b	Quantitative, experimental, randomized, controlled	To compare the insertion of a PVC** by a general practitioner and nurse and specialists.	Dressing.
Rickard et al.3636. Rickard CM, Marsh N, Webster J, Runnegar N, Larsen E, McGrail MR, et al. Dressings and securements for the prevention of peripheral intravenous catheter failure in adults (SAVE): A pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Sep 8];392(10145):419-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31380-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31... LoE^†: II Australia/2018	Randomized clinical trial	To compare the effectiveness and costs of polyurethane dressings to PVC**.	Dressing and stabilization device.
Timsit et al.3737. Timsit JF, Rupp M, Bouza E, Chopra V, Kärpänen T, Laupland K, et al. A state of the art review on optimal practices to prevent, recognize, and manage complications associated with intravascular devices in the critically ill. Rev Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Sep 6];44(6):742-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5212-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5212-... LoE^†: V France/2018	Review	To provide updated information on the available knowledge on epidemiology and diagnosis of CVC^§ and arterial complications in the Intensive Care Unit.	Catheter change time.
Lanza et al.4040. Lanza VE, Alves APP, Camargo AMS, Cacciari P, Montandon DS, Godoy S. Medidas preventivas de infecção relacionada ao cateter venoso periférico: Adesão em terapia intensiva. Rev Rene [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 10];20(1):e40715. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15235/2175-6783.20192040715 https://doi.org/10.15235/2175-6783.20192... LoE^†: VI Brazil/2019	Quantitative, cross-sectional	To analyze nursing professionals’ adherence to preventive measures for PVC** infection.	Connection antisepsis.
Etafa et al.6363. Etafa W, Wakuma B, Tsegaye R, Takele T. Nursing students’ knowledge on the management of peripheral venous catheters at Wollega University. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 20];15(9):e0238881. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238881 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... LoE^†: VI Ethiopia /2020	Descriptive	To assess undergraduate nursing students’ knowledge about evidence-based guidelines on PVC** management.	Hand hygiene, polyurethane dressing and gauze.
Liu et al.4848. Liu C, Chen L, Kong D, Lyu F, Luan L, Yang L. Incidence, risk factors and medical cost of peripheral intravenous catheter-related complications in hospitalised adult patients. J Vasc Access [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 4];23(1):57-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729820978124 https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729820978124... LoE^†: VI China/2020	Descriptive	To identify the incidence, risk factors, and medical costs of PVC-induced complications.	Sterile transparent film use.
Schults et al.5050. Schults JA, Long D, Pearson K, Takashima M, Baveas T, Schlapbach LJ, et al. Insertion, management, and complications associated with arterial catheters in paediatric intensive care: A clinical audit. Aust Crit Care [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 6];33(4):326-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2019.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2019.05.0... LoE^†: VI Australia/2020	Descriptive, quantitative, observational	To describe PAC^‡‡ insertion and management practices and associated complications.	Coverage and stabilization for PAC^‡‡.
Larsen et al.5555. Larsen EN, Corley A, Mitchell M, Lye I, Powel M, Tom S, et al. A pilot randomised controlled trial of dressing and securement methods to prevent arterial catheter failure in intensive care. Aust Crit Care [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 12];34(1):38-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.05.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.05.0... LoE^†: II Australia/2021	Randomized clinical trial	To establish the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial comparing methods of dressing and securing arterial catheters to prevent device failure.	Complications when using PAC^‡‡ with dressing.
Rickard et al.5656. Rickard C, Marsh NM, Larsen EN, McGrail MR, Graves N, Runnegar N, et al. Effect of infusion set replacement intervals on catheter-related bloodstream infections (RSVP): A randomised, controlled, equivalence (central venous access device) -non-inferiority (peripheral arterial catheter) trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 23];397:1447-58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00351-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00... LoE^†: II Australia/2021	Randomized clinical trial	To compare the effectiveness and costs of 7-day versus 4-day infusion set replacement to prevent bloodstream infection related to CVC^§, tunneled CVC^§, PICC^††, and PAC^‡‡.	Change of sterile circuit, saline solution and transducer, antisepsis of dressings connectors.
Silva et al. 6464. Silva MCM, Costa PC, Aguiar BGC, Freitas VL, Pereira GL. Atuação da enfermagem no controle de infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada aos cateteres venosos periféricos. Rev Enferm UFPE On Line [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jul 7];15(2):e247901. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981- 8963.2021.247901 https://doi.org/10.5205/1981- 8963.2021.... LoE^†: VI Brazil/2021	Descriptive	To identify PVC^II bloodstream infection control.	Dressing.

ID* LoE†	Design	Objective	Main results/approach
Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee5858. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Part II. Recommendations for the prevention of nosocomial intravascular device-related infections. Am J Infec Control [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2022 Sep 10];24(4):277-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90059-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90... LoE^†: V USA/1996	Review	To develop guidelines to reduce infectious complications associated with intravascular device use.	Cateter use time.
Timsit et al.3737. Timsit JF, Rupp M, Bouza E, Chopra V, Kärpänen T, Laupland K, et al. A state of the art review on optimal practices to prevent, recognize, and manage complications associated with intravascular devices in the critically ill. Rev Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Sep 6];44(6):742-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5212-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5212-... LoE^†: V France/2018	Review	To provide up-to-date information on the epidemiology and diagnosis of central venous catheter and peripheral arterial catheter complications.	Catheter use time and complications, ultrasound use, antisepsis.
Lye et al. 6565. Lye I, Corley A, Richard CM, Marsh N. Removal versus retention of vascular access devices (VADs) suspected of infection in the intensive care unit (ICU): A narrative review of the literature. Vascular Access [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Jul 18];5(2):42-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33235/va.5.2.42-48 https://doi.org/10.33235/va.5.2.42-48... LoE^†: V Australia/2019	Review	To assess the current literature related to removal versus retention of central venous catheters and intra-arterial lines with suspected infection in the adult intensive care population.	Cateter use time.

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Vitória Helena Pereira vitoria.hp95@gmail.com