Forest regeneration in abandoned lands of Amazonia can be affected by leaf-cutting ants, since these ants are important predators of the seeds and seedlings of tree species which eventually arrive or emerge in these areas. However, little is known about how rates of seed and seedling predation vary in space and time. With this objective, I established a plot of 80 by 120 m, divided into 10 χ 10 m quadrants, in an abandoned field near Manaus, in Brazilian Amazonia. There were three leaf-cutting ant (Atta laevigata) nests close to this plot. For one year, I determined which plants (tree species only) were attacked by the ants. I also determined the temporal and spatial variation in seed predation. For this, "seed baits" (20 Phaseolus vulgaris seeds in each) were distributed along the plot for one year. Finally, I determined if seedlings (Bellucia imperialis) transplanted into bare soil had a greater chance of being attacked than those transplanted into areas with a dense grass cover. Results show that seed predation activity was spatially aggregated. More predation was observed in the south-east and north-west portions of the plot, generally close to where nests were located. Strong temporal variation in seed predation rates was also observed. The greatest rates were observed around July, while the lowest ones around January. The temporal distribution of attacks on tree seedlings and saplings followed a similar pattern. There was a clear decrease in the number of plants attacked between November and January. The proportion of plants attacked per quadrant varied between 6 and 89%. The number of B. imperialis seedlings attacked did not vary in response to vegetation cover (with or without grass cover), presumably due to the large spatial heterogeneity in A. laevigata foraging activity, which obscured any eventual effect of vegetation cover.
Ants; Atta laevigata; Amazon forest; secondary forest regeneration; herbivory