The insect reservoir of biodiversity for viruses and for antiviral mechanisms

Abstract: Insects are the most diverse group of animals. They can be infected by an extraordinary diversity of viruses. Among them, arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can be transmitted to humans. High-throughput sequencing of small RNAs from insects provides insight into their virome, which may help understand the dynamics of vector borne infectious diseases. Furthermore, investigating the mechanisms that restrict viral infections in insects points to genetic innovations that may inspire novel antiviral strategies.

Key words
antiviral immunity; insects; metagenomics; restriction factors; RNA interference; virome

Authorship

ROENICK P. OLMO

CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France Université de StrasbourgFranceStrasbourg, FranceCNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France

Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBrazilBelo Horizonte, MG, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-8591

NELSON EDUARDO MARTINS

ERIC ROBERTO G.R. AGUIAR

Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, 40110-902 Salvador, BA, Brazil Universidade Federal da BahiaBrazilSalvador, BA, BrazilInstituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, 40110-902 Salvador, BA, Brazil

JOÃO T. MARQUES

JEAN-LUC IMLER

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-8319

Correspondence to: Roenick Proveti Olmo E-mail: rprovetiolmo@unistra.fr ORCid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-8591 Jean-Luc Imler E-mail: jl.imler@unistra.fr ORCid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-8319

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

RPO, JTM and JLI wrote the manuscript; RPO, NEM and ERGRA prepared the figures; all authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (3)

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Figure 1
Diversity of insects and viruses. A plethora of known insect viruses and insect hosts is depicted on the left and right panels, respectively. Insects broadly evolved to resist infection, so investigating the evolutionarily conserved antiviral strategies in these animals can shed light on new host factors and restriction factors that affect viral infection. The pie chart represents the percentage of D. melanogaster genes that are conserved or non-conserved in the human genome. D. melanogaster exclusive genes are highlighted among the non-conserved genes. Adapted from Martins et al. 2016.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV)-derived siRNAs in D. melanogaster and L. longipalpis. Activation of the siRNA pathway is a conserved response to virus infection in insects. Virus-derived siRNAs are mostly 21nt long small RNAs and show symmetrical base preference and polarity. siRNAs originate from both the viral genome and antigenome and can be detected along the entire extension of the virus sequence. Adapted from Ferreira et al. 2018 and Mueller et al. 2010.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Profiles of virus-derived small RNAs in dipteran insects. Viral RNA can be recognized by different antiviral surveillance mechanisms, thus generating specific virus-derived small RNA profiles during infection. These distinct patterns can be analyzed and provide extensive information about their source and biogenesis, such as the activation of siRNA (e.g. PCLV, HTV, DRV and DUV) and piRNA (e.g. PCLV) pathways. Even a virus-derived small RNA profile consistent with RNA degradation (e.g. Lutzomyia Piaui reovirus 1 (LPRV1), Lutzomyia Piaui reovirus 2 (LPRV2) and LPNV) can be indicative that the virus escapes RNAi during infection. Adapted from Aguiar et al. 2015.

Figure 1 Diversity of insects and viruses. A plethora of known insect viruses and insect hosts is depicted on the left and right panels, respectively. Insects broadly evolved to resist infection, so investigating the evolutionarily conserved antiviral strategies in these animals can shed light on new host factors and restriction factors that affect viral infection. The pie chart represents the percentage of D. melanogaster genes that are conserved or non-conserved in the human genome. D. melanogaster exclusive genes are highlighted among the non-conserved genes. Adapted from Martins et al. 2016.

Figure 2 Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV)-derived siRNAs in D. melanogaster and L. longipalpis. Activation of the siRNA pathway is a conserved response to virus infection in insects. Virus-derived siRNAs are mostly 21nt long small RNAs and show symmetrical base preference and polarity. siRNAs originate from both the viral genome and antigenome and can be detected along the entire extension of the virus sequence. Adapted from Ferreira et al. 2018 and Mueller et al. 2010.

Figure 3 Profiles of virus-derived small RNAs in dipteran insects. Viral RNA can be recognized by different antiviral surveillance mechanisms, thus generating specific virus-derived small RNA profiles during infection. These distinct patterns can be analyzed and provide extensive information about their source and biogenesis, such as the activation of siRNA (e.g. PCLV, HTV, DRV and DUV) and piRNA (e.g. PCLV) pathways. Even a virus-derived small RNA profile consistent with RNA degradation (e.g. Lutzomyia Piaui reovirus 1 (LPRV1), Lutzomyia Piaui reovirus 2 (LPRV2) and LPNV) can be indicative that the virus escapes RNAi during infection. Adapted from Aguiar et al. 2015.

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The insect reservoir of biodiversity for viruses and for antiviral mechanisms

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[1] Correspondence to: Roenick Proveti Olmo E-mail: rprovetiolmo@unistra.fr ORCid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-8591 Jean-Luc Imler E-mail: jl.imler@unistra.fr ORCid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-8319