Analysis of morpho-agronomic and climatic variables in successive agricultural years provides novel information regarding the phenological cycle of Jatropha in conditions of the Brazilian cerrado

DOMICIANO, GISELE P.; ALVES, ALEXANDRE A.; LAVIOLA, BRUNO G.; ALBRECHT, JULIO C.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201420130226

GISELE P. DOMICIANO

Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica/PqEB, Avenida W3 Norte (Final), s/n, 70770-901 Brasília, DF, Brasil

ALEXANDRE A. ALVES

Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica/PqEB, Avenida W3 Norte (Final), s/n, 70770-901 Brasília, DF, Brasil

BRUNO G. LAVIOLA

Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica/PqEB, Avenida W3 Norte (Final), s/n, 70770-901 Brasília, DF, Brasil

JULIO C. ALBRECHT

Embrapa Cerrados, BR-020, Km 18, 73310-910 Planaltina, DF, Brasil

Correspondence to: Bruno Galveas Laviola E-mail: bruno.laviola@embrapa.br

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Fluctuation of climatic variables (a)temperature, (b) relative humidity, (c) rainfall (d) radiation during the two successive agricultural years in the Brazilian cerrado region (Planatina, DF - 15°35′30″S and 47°42′30″W, 1007 m asl)

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Figure 2
Growth behavior and reproductive development of two Jatropha accessions (CNPAE-102 and CNPAE-169) as a function of time elapsed after the start of the phenological cycle. (a) height, (b) number of inflorescences per plant, (c) number of male flowers and (d) number of female flowers.

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Figure 3
Growth behavior and reproductive development of two Jatropha accessions (CNPAE-102 and CNPAE-169) as a function of time elapsed after the start of the phenological cycle. (a) Number of green fruits and (b) relative growth rate.

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TABLE I
Analysis of variance of plant height (m), number of inflorescence per plant (NIP), number of male flowers (NMF), number of female flowers per plant (NFF), ratio of female and male flowers (RFM) and relative growth rate (RGR), evaluated in the agricultural year of 2010/2011.

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TABLE II
Analysis of variance of plant height (m), number of inflorescence per plant (NIP), number of male flowers (NMF), number of female flowers per plant (NFF), ratio of female and male flowers (RFM) and relative growth rate (RGR), evaluated in the agricultural year of 2011/2012.

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2010/2011 CNPAE-102 NMF NFF RFM RGR Tmax Tmin Tave RHave Rad Rainfall RHmax RHmin Height -0.14 ns -0.17 ns -0.04 ns -0.26** -0.46** -0.18* -0.50** 0.29** -0.56** -0.11 ns 0.38** 0.21** NIP 0.64** 0.70** -0.03 ns 0.81** 0.35** 0.51** 0.46** 0.16 ns -0.23* 0.27** 0.20* 0.11 ns NMF 0.88** -0.04 ns 0.62** -0.02 ns 0.45** 0.17 ns 0.33** -0.30** 0.35** 0.31** 0.32** NFF 0.07 ns 0.77** 0.04 ns 0.47** 0.21* 0.30** -0.25** 0.26** 0.28** 0.27** RFM -0.02 ns -0.11 ns 0.16 ns -0.01 ns 0.19* 0.03 ns 0.11 ns 0.16 ns 0.21* RGR 040** 0.34** 0.41** -0.03 ns -0.12 ns 0.02 ns 0.02 ns -0.08 ns

2011/2012 CNPAE-102 Height 0.01 ns -0.21* -0.17 ns -0.43** -0.14 ns -0.04 ns -0.06 ns 0.14 ns -0.36** -0.24* 0.02 ns 0.10 ns NIP 0.37** 0.46** 0.28** 066** -0.38** 0.02 ns -0.26** 0.36** -0.06 ns 0.52** 0.32** 0.40** NMF 0.63** 0.20* 0.12 ns -0.20* 0.14 ns -0.10 ns 0.40** -0.11 ns 0.24* 0.40** 0.40** NFF 0.68** 0.21* -0.29** 0.02 ns -0.19* 0.41** 0.17 ns 0.53** 0.43** 0.40** RFM 0.17 ns -0.28** 0.03 ns -0.21* 0.36** 0.14 ns 0.52** 0.36** 0.34** RGR -0.22* -0.01 ns -0.17 ns 0.15 ns -0.01 ns 0.33** 0.13 ns 0.19 ns **
*
ns
NMF - number of male flowers, NFF - number of female flowers, RFM - ratio female and male flowers, RGR - relative growth rate, Tmax - maximum temperature, Tmin - minimum temperature, Tave - average temperature, RHave - average relative humidity, Rad - radiation, RHmax - maximum relative humidity and RHmin - minimum relative humidity.

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2010/2011 CNPAE-169 NMF NFF RFM RGR Tmax Tmin Tave RHave Rad Rainfall RHmax RHmin Height 0.06 ns 0.10 ns -0.06 ns 0.07 ns -0.46** 0.06 ns -0.36** 0.47** -0.49** 0.12 ns 0.52** 0.41** NIP 0.39** 0.34** 0.37** 0.42** 0.05 ns 0.48** 0.23** 0.32** -0.32** 0.37** 0.31** 0.31** NMF 0.81** 0.01 ns 0.09 ns -0.29** 0.41** -0.01 ns 0.49** -0.26** 0.70** 0.40** 0.54** NFF 0.02 ns 0.08 ns -0.28** 0.39** 0.01ns 0.44** -0.26** 0.50** 0.37** 0.49** RFM 0.06 ns 0.19* 0.41** 0.30* 0.19* -0.18* 0.13 ns 0.21* 0.17 ns RGR -0.11 ns 0.02 ns -0.11 ns 0.14 ns -0.27** 0.05 ns 0.18* 0.10 ns

2011/2012 CNPAE-169 Height 0.13** 0.06** -0.01 ns -0.36** -0.19 ns 0.17 ns 0.01 ns 0.32** -0.39** -0.02 ns 0.18 ns 0.30** NIP 0.34** 0.44** 0.44** 0.63** -0.37** 0.01 ns -0.26** 0.36** -0.05 ns 0.53** 0.33** 0.40** NMF 0.78** 0.36** 0.04 ns -0.11 ns 0.10 ns -0.06 ns 0.37** 0.04 ns 0.24* 0.38** 0.33** NFF 0.74** 0.20* -0.14 ns 0.04 ns -0.10 ns 0.39** 0.17 ns 0.38** 0.44** 0.35** RFM 0.35** -0.26 -0.11 ns -0.25* 0.31** 0.12 ns 0.30** 0.39** 0.27** RGR -0.20* -0.04 ns -0.17 ns 0.11 ns 0.02 ns 0.32** 0.09 ns 0.14 ns **
*
ns
NMF - number of male flowers, NFF - number of female flowers, RFM - ratio female and male flowers, RGR - relative growth rate, Tmax - maximum temperature, Tmin - minimum temperature, Tave - average temperature, RHave - average relative humidity, Rad - radiation, RHmax - maximum relative humidity and RHmin - minimum relative humidity.

VARIATION SOURCE	MEAN SQUARE
VARIATION SOURCE	Height	NIP	NMF	NFF	RFM	RGR
Genotype	48.2317^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	1061.2011^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	2814.671^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	52.698551^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.343908^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.047024^ns ns Not significant by the F test.
ERROR A	0.182945	62.750116	5991.641	26.597233	0.489114	0.037863
Assessment Season	0.313498^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.313498^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	57516.868^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	416.59844^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	1.061331^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.66349^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
INTERACTION	0.103869^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	103869^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	32256.147^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	416.413092^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.86648^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.486111^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
ERROR B	0.014723	0.014723	4995.366	41.413768	0.413709	0.038745
MEAN	2.434792	11.086894	76.0282	6.94216	0.199758	0.144863
PLOT CV	17.567	71.4492	101.8117	74.2888	350.1064	134.3236
SUBPLOT CV	4.9836	56.7539	92.9626	92.6996	321.9898	135.8786

VARIANCE SOURCE	MEAN SQUARE
VARIANCE SOURCE	Height	NIP	NMF	NFF	RFM	RGR
Genotype	21.19656^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	496.13333^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	79825.20833^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	285.208333^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.020449^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.146733^ns ns Not significant by the F test.
ERROR A	0.153474	165.925	1910.204167	15.041667	0.010797	0.1185
Assessment Season	0.540407^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	4608.615152^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	25607.971^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	401.299242^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.066661^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.952232^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and
INTERACTION	0.085413^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	96.642424^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	8671.3174^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	87.753788^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.035406^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.03812^ns ns Not significant by the F test.
ERROR B	0.005278	91.306818	1524.335985	20.814394	0.015804	0.070519
MEAN	2.51935	15.216667	87.858333	8.708333	0.106835	0.180843
PLOT CV	15.5499	84.6518	49.7459	44.5362	97.2598	190.3513
SUBPLOT CV	2.8837	62.796	44.4383	52.3898	117.6725	146.8417

2010/2011	CNPAE-102
2010/2011	NMF	NFF	RFM	RGR	Tmax	Tmin	Tave	RHave	Rad	Rainfall	RHmax	RHmin
Height	-0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.26^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.46^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.18^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	-0.50^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.29^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.56^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.38^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.21^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NIP	0.64^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.70^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.03 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.81^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.35^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.51^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.46^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.16 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.23^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.27^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.20^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.
NMF		0.88^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.62^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.45^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.33^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.30^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.35^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.31^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.32^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NFF			0.07 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.77^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.47^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.21^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.30^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.25^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.26^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.28^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.27^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
RFM				-0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.16 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.19^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.03 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.16 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.21^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and
RGR					040^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.34^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.41^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.03 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.12 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.08 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.

2011/2012	CNPAE-102
Height	0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.21^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	-0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.43^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.06 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.24^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.10 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.
NIP	0.37^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.46^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.28^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	066^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.38^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.26^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.06 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.52^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.32^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.40^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NMF		0.63^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.20^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.12 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.20^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.10 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.40^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.24^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.40^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.40^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NFF			0.68^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.21^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	-0.29^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.19^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.41^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.53^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.43^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.40^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
RFM				0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.28^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.03 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.21^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.52^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.34^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
RGR					-0.22^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	-0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.15 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	-0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.33^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.13 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.	0.19 ^ns ns Not significant by the F test.

2010/2011	CNPAE-169
2010/2011	NMF	NFF	RFM	RGR	Tmax	Tmin	Tave	RHave	Rad	Rainfall	RHmax	RHmin
Height	0.06 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.10 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.06 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.07 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.46^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.06 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.47^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.49^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.12 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.52^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.41^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NIP	0.39^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.34^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.37^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.42^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.05 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.48^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.23^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.32^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.32^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.37^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.31^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.31^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NMF		0.81^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.09 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.29^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.41^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.49^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.26^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.70^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.40^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.54^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NFF			0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.08 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.28^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.39^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.01^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.44^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.26^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.50^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.37^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.49^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
RFM				0.06 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.19^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.41^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.30^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.19^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	-0.18^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.13 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.21^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.
RGR					-0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.27^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.05 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.18^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.10 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.

2011/2012	CNPAE-169
Height	0.13^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.06^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.19 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.32^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.39^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.18 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.30^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NIP	0.34^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.44^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.44^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.63^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.37^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.01 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.26^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.05 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.53^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.33^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.40^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NMF		0.78^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.36^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.10 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.06 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.37^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.24^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.38^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.33^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
NFF			0.74^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.20^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	-0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.10 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.39^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.38^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.44^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.35^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
RFM				0.35^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	-0.26	-0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.25^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	0.31^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.12 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.30^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.39^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.27^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;
RGR					-0.20^* * Significant at 5% probability by the F test; and	-0.04 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	-0.17 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.11 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.02 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.32^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test;	0.09 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.	0.14 ^ns ns Not significant by F test.

[1] Correspondence to: Bruno Galveas Laviola E-mail: bruno.laviola@embrapa.br