Many of the events that influence the process of normal sexual development have not been completely clarified, however it is well established that gonadal sex determination is responsible for sexual differentiation during fetal life. Several interacting genes participate in this process, and the most important are: SRY and DAX-1 genes located in the sexual chromosomes and the autosomic genes WT1, SF-1, and SOX9. The precise action of these genes on gonadal determination is yet to be clarified, but their participation is fundamental since mutations identified in these genes result in the absence of gonadal development or the presence of dysgenetic gonads. The differentiation of male internal genitalia including testicular descent, require both normal secretion and local action of testosterone on Wolffian ducts and anti-müllerian hormone gene (AMH) on Müllerian ducts, preventing their differentiation into uterus, vagina and tubes. The genes Insl3 and HOX participate of the transabdominal descent of testes, and inguinal-scrotal descent is controlled by androgens. Nonetheless, the main genes involved in this early embryogenic phase are: the androgen receptor gene, AMH gene and the AMH receptor gene. Mutations in one of these genes result in genital ambiguity and/or partial development of male internal genitalia. In the female sex there has been recent evidence that genes from the Wnt family (Wnt-7a and Wnt-4) have a role in the development of Müllerian ducts and the suppression of Leydig cell differentiation in the ovaries. The ambiguous external genitalia result in testosterone production deficiency by Leydig cells, androgen receptor impairment, or a defect in peripheral testosterone metabolism by 5-alpha-reductase type 2. The genes involved in this phase of male sex differentiation are: LH /hCG receptor gene, CYP11A1 gene, P450scc gene, CYP17 gene, HSD3B2 gene and HSD17B3 gene that codify the respective enzymes involved in testosterone synthesis, along with the androgen receptor gene and SRD5A2. The new achievements of molecular biology determined a better comprehension of the process of sexual determination and differentiation. Several steps of this process will be clarified, with the identification of new genes that also participate of this complex mechanism of gene interactions.
Gonadal determination; Sexual differentiation