Effects of short-term feed restriction on the physiological parameters and metabolites of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows in different stages of lactation

Animal Science and Technology and Inspection of Animal Products • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 72 (04) • Jul-Aug 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11926 copy

Effects of short-term feed restriction on the physiological parameters and metabolites of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows in different stages of lactation

[Efeitos da restrição alimentar de curto prazo sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e metabólicos de vacas F1 Holstein x Zebu em diferentes estágios da lactação]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different nutritional plans on the productive, physiological and metabolic parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows in different stages of lactation. Sixty lactating cows were allotted to a completely randomized 5 x 3 factorial design with five feed allowances and three lactation periods. The dry matter intake, milk yield and heart rate were reduced by 5.69kg, 2.41kg and 10.36 beats/min (morning) and 10.25 beats/min (afternoon) for each 1% feed restriction, respectively. There was no difference in the concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids for cows subjected to different feed allowances, with means of 95.25, 7.98, 2.95, 121.68 and 0.45mg/dL, respectively. Feed restriction of up to 2.50% BW is a cost reduction strategy that does not alter milk yield, regardless of the stage of lactation.

Keywords:
cholesterol; respiratory rate; glucose; NEFA

Authorship

L.A. Borges

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-1486

J.R.M. Ruas

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-2332

V.R. Rocha Júnior

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-1981

C.C.S. Carvalho

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-209X

F.P. Monção ^**Autor para correspondência (corresponding author) E-mail: moncaomoncao@yahoo.com.br

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-0107

V.M. Gomes

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-4541

J.P.S. Rigueira

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8706-192X

P.G.M. Pinheiro

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5407-6436

E.C.J. Sales

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-5278

L.D.A. Rufino

Epamig Norte ˗ Nova Porteirinha, MGEpamig NorteBrazilNova Porteirinha, MG, BrazilEpamig Norte ˗ Nova Porteirinha, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-3221

E.A. Silva

Epamig Triângulo Mineiro ˗ Uberaba, MGEpamig Triângulo MineiroBrazilUberaba, MG, BrazilEpamig Triângulo Mineiro ˗ Uberaba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-3824

D.S. Queiroz

Epamig Triângulo Mineiro ˗ Uberaba, MGEpamig Triângulo MineiroBrazilUberaba, MG, BrazilEpamig Triângulo Mineiro ˗ Uberaba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9650-5905

H.C. Ferreira

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0173-0198

*Autor para correspondência (corresponding author) E-mail: moncaomoncao@yahoo.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MGUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosBrazilJanaúba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros ˗ Janaúba, MG

Epamig Norte ˗ Nova Porteirinha, MGEpamig NorteBrazilNova Porteirinha, MG, BrazilEpamig Norte ˗ Nova Porteirinha, MG

Epamig Triângulo Mineiro ˗ Uberaba, MGEpamig Triângulo MineiroBrazilUberaba, MG, BrazilEpamig Triângulo Mineiro ˗ Uberaba, MG

Tables

Tables (8)

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Table 1
Chemical composition of ingredients and experimental diet

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Table 2
Environmental conditions during the experimental period in two shifts (morning and afternoon)

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Table 3
Dry matter intake and milk yield of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows submitted to different feed allowances

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Table 4
Performance and body condition score of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows at different stages of lactation

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Table 5
Physiological parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows submitted to different feed allowances

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Table 6
Physiological parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows at different stages of lactation

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Table 7
Metabolic profile of ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows under different feed allowances

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Table 8
Metabolic profile of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows at different stages of lactation

Table 1 Chemical composition of ingredients and experimental diet

Item (g/kg as fed)¹	Corn silage	Concentrate	Diet
Dry matter	502.74	925.92	608.54
Organic matter	962.02	922.31	952.09
Crude protein	68.37	218.25	105.84
NDIN	5.99	12.24	7.55
ADIN	0.79	0.75	0.78
Ether extract	27.77	28.28	27.9
Non-fiber carbohydrates	302.89	371.68	320.09
NDFap	562.98	304.1	498.26
Acid detergente fiber	300.5	72.21	243.43
Lignin	99.58	31.75	82.63
Total digestible nutrients*	561.99	734.16	605.03

¹ Dry basis (grams per kilogram) - DM - Dry matter; NDIN - neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen; ADIN - acid detergent insoluble nitrogen; NDFap - neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein; * National Research Council - NRC (Nutrient…, 2001).

Table 2 Environmental conditions during the experimental period in two shifts (morning and afternoon)

Period	Air temperature (°C)	RH (%)	BGTHI
Morning	27.0	39.9	75.2
Afternoon	31.7	45.8	80.0
CV (%)	6.6	8.1	4.3

RH - relative humidity; BGTHI - Blackglobe temperature and humidity index; CV - Coefficient of variation.

Table 3 Dry matter intake and milk yield of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows submitted to different feed allowances

Item	Feed allowance (% BW)^1,2				SEM³	P-value⁴
Item	3.40	2.75	2.50	2.25	2.00
Dry matter intake, kg/day	16.97	12.59	11.68	9.95	9.16	0.41	<0.01
Reduction in feed intake compared to the control group, %²	0	25.81	31.17	41.36	46.02	2.40	<0.01
Milk yield, kg/day³	13.47	12.12	11.14	11.13	9.97	0.29	<0.01
Reduction in milk yield compared to the control group, %⁴	0	10.02	17.29	17.37	25.98	2.12	<0.01
Diet cost, $/day	2.59	1.92	1.78	1.52	1.40	-	-

¹
BW - Body weight. ² Ŷ= -2.61 + 5.69*X, R²= 0.98; ² Ŷ= 115.41 - 33.569*X, R²= 0.98; ³ Ŷ = 5.35 + 2.41*X, R²= 0.96; ⁴ Ŷ = 60.26 - 17.89*X, R² = 0.96. * Significant by the t-test (P<0.05); ³ SEM - standard error of the mean; ⁴ P - Probability.

Table 4 Performance and body condition score of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows at different stages of lactation

Item¹	Lactation stage²			SEM³	P-value⁴
Item¹	Early	Mid	Late
Milk yield, kg/day	14.11a	10.85b	9.73b	3.65	0.01
Body weight, kg	469.35	471.1	454.4	2.19	NS
Body condition score	3.94	4.11	3.88	2.32	NS
Calf body weight, kg	56.30c	92.75b	127.75a	4.10	0.01

¹Means within rows followed by different letters are different by the SNK test (P<0.05). ²Early lactation (42.60 ± 12.77 days); Mid lactation (108.20 ± 12.07 days); Late lactation (173.60 ± 16.64 days).³SEM - standard error of the mean;
⁴
P - Probability; NS: not significant.

Table 5 Physiological parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows submitted to different feed allowances

Item¹	Feed allowance (%BW)				SEM⁴		P-value⁵
Item¹	3.40	2.75	2.50	2.25	2.00
RTm (°C)	38.54	38.51	38.46	38.44	38.16	0.19	NS
RTa (°C)	39.08	38.91	38.91	39.05	38.98	0.18	NS
RRm (beats/min)	31.33	28.33	30.00	25.67	31.33	4.85	NS
RRa (beats/min)	33.33	32.67	33.00	34.67	32.17	4.08	NS
HRm (beats/min)²	73.33	66.67	65.00	60.00	59.67	3.36	0.01
HRa (beats/min)³	81.33	80.33	75.67	76.00	64.67	2.80	<0.01
SRm (g/m²/h)	49.97	53.33	57.80	49.95	50.91	8.47	NS
SRa (g/m²/h)	53.69	53.78	58.03	49.33	52.28	6.05	NS
STm (°C)	34.97	35.17	34.91	35.45	35.00	0.55	NS
STa (°C)	37.47	37.46	37.50	37.84	37.14	0.62	NS

¹RTm - Rectal temperature of cows in the morning; RTa - Rectal temperature of cows in the afternoon; RRm - respiratory rate of cows in the morning; RRa - respiratory rate of cows in the afternoon; HRm - heart rate of cows in the morning; HRa - heart rate of cows in the afternoon; SRm - sweating rate of cows in the morning; SRa - sweating rate of cows in the afternoon; STm - surface temperature of cows in the morning; STa - surface temperature of cows in the afternoon.² Ŷ= 38.22 + 10.36*X, R²= 0.97; ³Ŷ= 49.17 + 10.25*X, R²= 0.68. *Significant by the t-test (P<0.05). ⁴SEM - standard error of the mean; ⁵P - Probability; NS: not significant.

Table 6 Physiological parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows at different stages of lactation

Item¹	Lactation stage²			SEM³	P-value⁴
Item¹	Early	Mid	Late
RTm (°C)	38.33	38.44	38.49	0.19	NS
RTa (°C)	39.05	38.94	38.97	0.18	NS
RRm (beats/min)	33.40a	30.60a	24.00b	5.28	<0.01
RRa (beats/min)	27.90c	39.20a	32.40b	4.32	<0.01
HRm (beats/min)	64.00	64.60	66.20	3.45	NS
HRa (beats/min)	74.20	77.40	75.20	2.84	NS
SRm (g/m²/h)	806.35	613.87	820.11	9.95	NS
SRa (g/m²/h)	722.95	676.52	765.11	6.17	NS
STm (°C)	34.77b	34.82b	35.71a	0.58	<0.01
STa (°C)	37.37b	35.44c	39.64a	0.18	<0.01

¹RTm - Rectal temperature of cows in the morning; RTa - Rectal temperature of cows in the afternoon; RRm - respiratory rate of cows in the morning; RRa - respiratory rate of cows in the afternoon; HRm - heart rate of cows in the morning; HRa - heart rate of cows in the afternoon; SRm - sweating rate of cows in the morning; SRa - sweating rate cows in the afternoon; STm - surface temperature of cows in the morning; STa - surface temperature of cows in the afternoon. Means within rows followed by different letters are different by the SNK test (P<0.05). ²Early lactation (42.60 ± 12.77 days); Mid lactation (108.20 ± 12.07 days); Late lactation (173.60 ± 16.64 days). ³SEM - standard error of the mean; ⁴P - Probability; NS: not significant.

Table 7 Metabolic profile of ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows under different feed allowances

Item (mg/dL)¹	Feed allowance (%BW)²				SEM³	P-value⁴
Item (mg/dL)¹	3.40	2.75	2.50	2.25	2,00
Glucose	93.78	94.27	97.28	97.11	93.82	5.97	NS
Total proteins	7.95	8.22	7.84	8.14	7.75	3.80	NS
Albumin	2.64	3.32	2.84	2.97	2.98	3.50	NS
Cholesterol	124.29	129.16	110.89	123.22	120.85	6.70	NS
NEFA	0.40	0.49	0.39	0.45	0.52	8.42	NS
Urea	34.88	35.82	35.23	41.61	43.94	2.78	<0.01

¹NEFA - non-esterified fatty acids. Means within rows followed by different letters are different by the SNK test (P<0.05); ²Ŷ= 54.68 - 0.42*X, R²= 0.67. *Significant by the t-test (P<0.05); ³SEM - standard error of the mean; ⁴P - Probability; NS: not significant.

Table 8 Metabolic profile of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows at different stages of lactation

Item (mg/dL)¹	Lactation stage²			SEM³	P-value⁴
Item (mg/dL)¹	Early	Mid	Late
Glucose	71.43b	105.16a	109.16a	6.47	<0.01
Total proteins	7.28b	8.26a	8.40a	4.04	0.03
Albumin	2.93ab	3.23a	2.69b	3.81	<0.01
Cholesterol	147.80a	122.50ab	94.75b	7.53	<0.01
NEFA	0.52	0.45	0.37	8.88	NS
Urea	33.03b	30.69b	47.92a	2.65	<0.01

¹NEFA - non-esterified fatty acids. Means within rows followed by different letters are different by the SNK test (P<0.05). ²Early lactation (42.60 ± 12.77 days); Mid lactation (108.20 ± 12.07 days); Late lactation (173.60 ± 16.64 days). ³SEM - standard error of the mean; ⁴P - Probability; NS: not significant.

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Effects of short-term feed restriction on the physiological parameters and metabolites of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows in different stages of lactation

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[1] *Autor para correspondência (corresponding author) E-mail: moncaomoncao@yahoo.com.br