Intercropped grasses for ruminant feeding

Costa, A.B.G.; Emerenciano Neto, J.V.; Costa, C.M.; Nascimento, P.V.J.; Gurgel, A.L.C.; Fernandes, P.B.; Urbano, S.A.; Difante, G.S.; Santos, R.S.; Silva, Y.S.; Ribeiro, P.H.C.; Chagas, F.P.T.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-13147

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Original Article - Zootechnics • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 76 (03) • May-Jun 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13147 copy

Intercropped grasses for ruminant feeding

[Consórcio de gramíneas para a alimentação de ruminantes]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

An integrative review was conducted to identify which intercrops, composed of grasses from tropical or temperate climates, are most commonly used in ruminant feeding and which result in higher productivity. The review followed a developed and tested protocol according to the PVO strategy to formulate the guiding question. Data were collected from articles published in the electronic databases SCOPUS (Elsevier), Web of Science (Main Collection), and SciELO Citation Index (Web of Science) through a single cross-reference search. It was not carried out temporally, regionally, nor limited to Brazil. Among the selected studies, the genera found were Lolium (26.7%), Avena (26.7%), Brachiaria (20.0%), Cynodon (13.4%), Panicum (6.6%), and Sorghum (6.6%). The technologies adopted in the articles were target height (50.0%), reseeding (33.3%), and defoliation intensity (16.7%). The animal species used were beef cattle, dairy cattle, and goats - 50.0%, 33.3%, and 16.7%, respectively. It was possible to observe that the use of different cultivars yields positive results; this was most evident with the grasses most used in intercropping: ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb); which showed higher productivity values compared to monoculture.

Keywords:
height; Brachiaria; structural characteristics; Cynodon; Lolium; forage mass; grass mixture; Panicum

Acronym	Terms and cross references
Population (P)	(“Ruminants” OR “Cattle” OR “Sheep” OR “Lamb” OR “Cow” OR “Ovis aries” OR “Ewe” OR “Ewes” OR “Lambs” OR “Lamb production” OR “Sheep production” OR “Ox” OR “Calf” OR “Cattle” OR “Steer” OR “Heifer” OR “Buffaloes” OR “Goat” OR “Goats” OR “Buffalo” OR “Sheep” OR “Cow production” OR “Cattle production”)
AND
Variable (V)	“Intercropping grasses” OR “Intercropping” OR “Pasture” OR “Grass” OR “Brachiaria” OR “Panicum” OR “Urochloa” OR “Cenchrus” OR “Megathyrsus” OR “Andropogon” OR “Cynodon” OR “Pennisetum” OR “Sorghum” OR “Euchlaena” OR “Festuca” OR “Lolium” OR “Avena” OR “Secale” OR “Triticale” OR “Holcus” OR “Phalaris” OR “Dactylis” OR “Herdeum” OR “Bromus” OR “Grassland” OR “Consortium” OR “Systems mixed” OR “Mixture” OR “Grass mix” OR “Intercropped pasture” OR “Intercropped species” OR “Forage consortium” OR “Pastures mixture” OR “Integrated crop”
AND
Outcome (O)	“Structural characteristics” OR “Leaf percentage” OR “Leaf stem ratio” OR “Forage mass” OR “Herbage mass” OR “Forage mass” OR “Forage allocation” OR “Dry matter” OR “Dried matter” OR “Dry matter content” OR “Grazing Horizons” OR “Forage canopy height” OR “Forage dry mass” OR “Leaf” OR “Pseudostem” OR “Pseudostem percentage” OR “Dead material” OR “Dead material percentage” OR “Grazing intensity” OR “Tiller” OR “Dry leaf” OR “Dry mass” OR “Height” OR “Pasture height” OR “Grass height”
NOT
	(“Legumes” OR “Fabaceae” OR “Pea” OR “Beans” OR “Leguminous” OR “Peanut” OR “Silage” OR “Hay” OR “Digestibility” OR “Inoculant”)

Author, year	Country/State	Experimental period (days)	Species/ Cultivar	Intercropping	Technology	Animal species
*Fernandes et al. (2020*FERNANDES, P.B.; BARBOSA, R.A.; MORAIS, M.G. et al. Defoliation Dynamics on Grazing Horizons in Pastures Intercropped by Panicum maximum, Brachiaria brizantha, and Brachiaria decumbens. Tropical Anim. Sci. J., v.43, p.314-321, 2020.)	Brazil, MS	92	Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri; Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés; Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk	Zuri: 385 se/m²; Xaraés: 154 se/m²; Decumbens: 154 se/m²	Defoliation intensity	Beef cattle
*Rocha et al. (2007*ROCHA, M.G.; PEREIRA, L.E.T.; SCARAVELLI, L.F.B. et al. Produção e qualidade de forragem da mistura de aveia e azevém sob dois métodos de estabelecimento. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, p.7-15, 2007.)	Brazil, RS	129	Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.; Avena strigosa Schreb; Lolium multiflorum Lam	Black oat: 80 kg/ha Ryegrass: 40kg/ha.	Overseeding	Dairy cattle
*Carvalho et al. (2010*CARVALHO, P.C.F.; ROCHA, L.M.; BAGGIO, C. et al. Característica produtiva e estrutural de pastos mistos de aveia e azevém manejados em quatro alturas sob lotação contínua. Rev. Bras. Zootec., v.39, p.1857-1865, 2010.)	Brazil, RS	131	Avena strigosa Schreb; Lolium multiflorum Lam	Black oat: 100 kg/ha Ryegrass: 25 kg/ha.	Height targets	Beef cattle
*Pereira et al. (2008*PEREIRA, L.E.T.; SCARAVELLI, L.F.B.; OLIVO, C.J. et al. Produção de forragem em pastagem de bermuda sobre-semeada com aveia e azevém. Ciência Rural, v.38, p.457-462, 2008.)	Brazil, RS	124 (2004); 87 (2005);	Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.; Avena strigosa Schreb; Lolium multiflorum Lam	Black oat: 80 kg/ha Ryegrass: 40kg/ha.	Overseeding	Dairy cattle
*Soares et al. (2020*SOARES, A.B.; MACCARI, M.; GLIENKE, C.L. et al. Mixed production of Alexandergrass and sorghum under nitrogen fertilization and grazing intensities. Australian Journal of Crop Science, n. 14012020, p.85-91, 2020.)	Brazil, SC	65	Sorghum bicolor, (L.) Moench; Urochloa plantaginea	Sorghum: 450000 plants/ha;	Height targets	Beef cattle
*Soares et al. (2019*SOARES, A.B.; SILVEIRA, A.L.F.; ASSMANN, T.S.; SCHMITT, D. Herbage production, botanical and plant-part composition of mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Scherb.) annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures under different management strategies. Australian Journal of Crop Science, n. 13112019, p.1826-1832, 2019.)	Brazil, SC	131	Lolium multiflorum Lam; Avena strigosa Schreb;	Ryegrass: 27 kg/ha. Black oat: 55 kg/ha.	Height targets	Goats

	Author, year
Item	*Fernandes et al. (2020* FERNANDES, P.B.; BARBOSA, R.A.; MORAIS, M.G. et al. Defoliation Dynamics on Grazing Horizons in Pastures Intercropped by Panicum maximum, Brachiaria brizantha, and Brachiaria decumbens. Tropical Anim. Sci. J., v.43, p.314-321, 2020. )			*Rocha et al. (2007* ROCHA, M.G.; PEREIRA, L.E.T.; SCARAVELLI, L.F.B. et al. Produção e qualidade de forragem da mistura de aveia e azevém sob dois métodos de estabelecimento. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, p.7-15, 2007. )		*Carvalho et al. (2010* CARVALHO, P.C.F.; ROCHA, L.M.; BAGGIO, C. et al. Característica produtiva e estrutural de pastos mistos de aveia e azevém manejados em quatro alturas sob lotação contínua. Rev. Bras. Zootec., v.39, p.1857-1865, 2010. )				*Pereira et al. (2008* PEREIRA, L.E.T.; SCARAVELLI, L.F.B.; OLIVO, C.J. et al. Produção de forragem em pastagem de bermuda sobre-semeada com aveia e azevém. Ciência Rural, v.38, p.457-462, 2008. )		*Soares et al. (2020* SOARES, A.B.; MACCARI, M.; GLIENKE, C.L. et al. Mixed production of Alexandergrass and sorghum under nitrogen fertilization and grazing intensities. Australian Journal of Crop Science, n. 14012020, p.85-91, 2020. )		*Soares et al. (2019* SOARES, A.B.; SILVEIRA, A.L.F.; ASSMANN, T.S.; SCHMITT, D. Herbage production, botanical and plant-part composition of mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Scherb.) annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures under different management strategies. Australian Journal of Crop Science, n. 13112019, p.1826-1832, 2019. )
Intercropping	Zuri: 385 se/m²;	Xaraés: 154 se/m²;	Decumbens: 154 se/m²	Black oat: 80 kg/ha	Ryegrass: 40kg/ha.	Black oat: 100 kg/ha Ryegrass: 25 kg/ha.				Black oat: 80 kg/ha	Ryegrass: 40kg/ha.	Sorghum: 450000 plants/ha;		Ryegrass: 27 kg/ha. Black oat: 55 kg/ha.
Grazing method	Intermittent			Intermittent		Continuous				Intermittent		Continuous		Continuous
Technology	Defoliation intensity			Overseeding		Height targets				Overseeding		Height targets		Height targets
Treat.		40%	60%	Coast.+ Oat + Rye.	Oat + ryegrass	10	20	30	40	Coast.+ Oat + Rye.	Oat + ryegrass	60	30	12	21
Height (cm)	Pre-graz.	71	71			12.1	20.9	29.3	36.1			64	43	12	21
Height (cm)	Post-graz.	42	29
LB/ST ratio	Pre-graz.					0.66	0.82	0.79	0.58
LB/ST ratio	Post-graz.
FM (kg of DM/ha)	Pre-graz.	5000	4900	1837.7	1765.7	1710	2580	3430	4060	2419.4	1941.1	4896	4299	1400	2120
FM (kg of DM/ha)	Post-graz.	3300	2100	1045.5	1095.5
LB %	Pre-graz.	50.00%	51.00%	51.00%	41.70%					48.90%	41.50%
LB %	Post-graz.	10.00%	5.00%
ST %	Pre-graz.	33.00%	28.00%							41.70%	46.40%
ST %	Post-graz.	50.00%	29.00%
DM %	Pre-graz.	17.00%	20.00%							8.80%	9.90%
DM %	Post-graz.	39.00%	66.00%

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[1] *Corresponding author: bezerrazpatrick@gmail.com