Biotic or abiotic factors: which has greater influence in determining the structure of rotifers in semi-arid reservoirs?

Azevêdo, Daniele Jovem da Silva; Barbosa, José Etham de Lucena; Porto, Danianne Enéias; Gomes, Wilma Izabelly Ananias; Molozzi, Joseline

doi:10.1590/S2179-975X2914

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Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia

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Articles • Acta Limnol. Bras. 27 (1) • Jan-Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2914 copy

Biotic or abiotic factors: which has greater influence in determining the structure of rotifers in semi-arid reservoirs?

Fatores bióticos ou abióticos: quais exibem maior influência na determinação da estrutura de rotíferos em reservatórios no semiárido?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective

The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the distribution of structural attributes of rotifers in reservoirs in the semiarid region is more strongly influenced by abiotic or biotic environmental factors (density of cyanobacteria).

Method

Sampling occurred in two reservoirs in the Paraíba Basin, northeastern Brazil (Poções and Camalaú) during April and June 2012. Eight sampling points were distributed at two stations in each reservoir: the region near the entrance of the main tributary and region of the dam and collections were made in the limnetic and littoral zone in every season. To assess the abiotic influence and density of cyanobacteria in the distribution of the structural attributes of rotifers, environmental variables bivariate correlation was conducted in series.

Results

In Poções reservoir, the distribution of rotifer biomass was negatively related to the density of cyanobacteria; among the environmental variables, chlorophyll-a and total nitrogen were negatively related to all of the tested structural attributes, while the concentrations of total phosphorus were strongly related to the abundance of rotifers. In the Camalaú reservoir, the biomass was a structural attribute with a stronger correlation to the density of cyanobacteria; between the environmental variables and Egeria densa, nitrate was negatively related to all of the attributes tested, while transparency was moderately related to the abundance, biomass and richness as well as Chara sp. with abundance.

Conclusions

Assemblages of rotifers are more clearly related to environmental conditions, especially those indicative of trophic conditions, despite the density of cyanobacteria having been a factor that was positively related to the structural characteristics of rotifers and thus indicative of such structural assemblies. This can be used for analysis of local environmental condition factors.

cyanobacteria; environmental factors; zooplankton; reservoir

Characteristics	Poções Reservoir	Camalaú Reservoir
Geographic Location	7°53’38”S - 37°0’30”W	7°53’33.94’’S - 36°50’39.16’’W
Year of Construction	1982	^* * non-reported data.
Altitude (m)	596	565
Maximum accumulation capacity (m³)	29,861,562	48,107,240
Water surface (m²)	19,005,95	19,457,18
Hydraulic retention time (years)	3-5	3-5
Presence of macrophytes	-	Egeria densa and Chara sp

Environmental Variables	Poções Reservoir				Camalaú Reservoir
	Larger volume		Smaller volume		Larger volume		Smaller volume
	Littoral	Limnetic	Littoral	Limnetic	Littoral	Limnetic	Littoral	Limnetic
Depth (m)	1.23±0.17	4.65±0.84	0.90±0.08	4.55±0.83	0.87±0.17	6.82±1.48	0.93±0.09	4.52±1.40
Secchi (m)	0.39±0.01	0.44±0.02	0.37±0.02	0.42±0.08	0.66±0.34	1.69±0.16	0.81±0.08	1.86±0.38
Temperature (°C)	26.80±0.29	26.77±0.32	25.00±1.11	25.04±1.32	27.13±1.35	26.50±0.61	25.7±1.08	25.18±0.98
pH	9.00±0.10	8.93±0.23	9.28±0.20	9.11±0.12	9.07±0.21	8.29±0.26	9.47±0.32	8.66±0.13
Soluble Reactive Phosphate (mV)	82.25±27.43	70.83±39.98	79.25±38.57	95.66±29.66	106.75±48.95	140.16±27.62	110.5±64.70	165.79±37.18
Conductivity (mS/cm)	1.00±0.005	1.02±0.008	0.97±0.19	1.06±0.045	0.72±0.007	0.71±0.01	0.74±0.02	0.74±0.02
Turbidity (NTU)	136.00±32.50	157.53±59.79	132.50±23.47	176.49±42.71	50.32±20.71	79.75±34.27	75.15±12.74	39.36±14.92
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L^–1)	7.17±1.48	6.28±1.17	8.85±0.36	6.31±0.70	8.17±1.44	6.51±1.28	9.54±2.11	5.54±0.50
Salinity (%)	0.05±0.00	0.05±0.00	0.04±0.01	0.05±0.001	0.03±0.005	0.03±0.005	0.04±	0.03±0.005
Chlorophyll–a (µm/L^–1)	120.33±22.15	128.23±19.86	78.20±23.50	73.07±12.88	10.33±10.08	7.17±2.81	10.89±1.39	9.28±0.72
Pheophytin (µm/L)	125.04±27.65	117.40±23.21	60.88±22.94	56.33±14.06	10.37±10.64	5.18±3.53	2.45±2.87	1.91±1.29
Total phosphorus (µm/L^–1)	151.75±13.83	273.27±2.66	236.75±14.03	249.80±11.37	50.91±33.62	33.83±9.58	163.83±40.05	135.98±4.15
Soluble reactive phosphate (µm/L^–1)	14.60±9.59	80.16±7.26	34.60±37.39	41.81±24.56	6.90±7.90	27.23±25.54	12.10±9	27.93±4.64
Total nitrogen (µm/L^–1)	1585.53±190.51	1553.09±148.03	1213.75±142.46	1224.74±97.74	859.82±445.01	680.14±142.99	886.42±411.42	531.17±46.27
Ammonium ion (µm/L^–1)	84.37±1.69	132.03±31.66	119.60±32.41	313.86±62.59	74.01±11.96	83.59±41.76	23.76±14.76	55.97±14.70
Nitrate (µm/L^–1)	25.56±6.31	25.11±8.71	22.92±2.84	28.78±5.19	43.68±17.21	43.22±6.29	33.67±8.16	43.22±12.44
Nitrite (µm/L^–1)	2.83±0.54	2.50±0.40	1.18±0.69	6.72±10.38	3.09±2.12	10.15±2.01	0.79±1.05	6.71±6.42
Biomass of Chara sp (gC/m²)	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	13.07±8.88	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	15.64±12.30	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.
Biomass of Egeria densa (gC/m²)	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	21.51±17.82	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.	12.10±8.26	^* * data not recorded due to the absence of organisms.

Poções Reservoir									Camalaú Reservoir
Taxa	Abundance (n ind)				Biomass (μgDWm^–3)				Abundance (n ind)					Biomass (μgDWm^–3)
	Littoral		Limnetic		Littoral		Limnetic		Littoral			Limnetic		Littoral		Limnetic
	April	June	April	June	April	June	April	June	April	June		April	June	April	June	April	June
Brachionus sp.	32	46	304	218	21.23	30.73	56.89	32.81	2	12	8		44	0.8	2.92	5.3	5.88
B. calyciflorus (Pallas, 1766)	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	11	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	8.42	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.		^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
B. dimidiatus (Schmarda, 1854)	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	2	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.		^* * absence of organisms.	2.87	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
B. dolabratus (Harring, 1914)	20	52	55	85	2.49	7.82	2.66	2.98	^* * absence of organisms.	1	8		145	^* * absence of organisms.	0.21	0.49	5.57
B. falcatus (Zacharias, 1898)	^* * absence of organisms.	20	9	66	^* * absence of organisms.	2.34	0.54	2.89	3	1	140		33	0.32	0.1	4.79	1.47
B. havanaensis (Rousselet, 1911)	4029	1848	10220	4047	316.02	183.31	270.65	80.40	1	19	13		664	0.07	1	0.65	16.5
B. patulus (Müller, 1785)	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	29	^* * absence of organisms.	6		3	2.05	^* * absence of organisms.	0.21	0.16
Filinia longiseta (Ehrenberg 1834)	^* * absence of organisms.	27	8	80	^* * absence of organisms.	2.18	0.69	1.32	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	2		4	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	0.14	0.19
F. opoliensis (Zacharias, 1891)	596	2736	2551	5411	35.90	174.77	34.82	70.23	^* * absence of organisms.	24	12		1838	^* * absence of organisms.	1.59	0.42	27.17
F. terminalis (Plate, 1886)	5	^* * absence of organisms.	12	^* * absence of organisms.	0.16	^* * absence of organisms.	0.30	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.		^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907)	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	4	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	0.18	^* * absence of organisms.	10	^* * absence of organisms.		184	^* * absence of organisms.	0.61	^* * absence of organisms.	3.6
Lecanesp.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	81	8	^* * absence of organisms.		21	7.09	0.61	^* * absence of organisms.	1.38
L. luna(Müller, 1776)	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	4	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.		^* * absence of organisms.	0.39	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Richness (number of species)	5	6	8	7					7	7	7		9

	Poções Reservoir				Camalaú Reservoir
Taxa	Density (ind/L)				Density (ind/L)
	Littoral		Limnetic		Littoral		Limnetic
	Larger volume	Smaller volume	Larger volume	Smaller volume	Larger volume	Smaller volume	Larger volume	Smaller volume
Aphanizomenon sp	^* * absence of organisms.	42.37	2.01	106.93	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
A. delicatissima	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	23.20	18.15	7.06	8.07	^* * absence of organisms.	13.11
Aphanocapsa sp	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	2.01	9.07	14.62	^* * absence of organisms.	46.90	46.90
Aphanotece sp	38.83	^* * absence of organisms.	15.63	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Chrococcus sp	12.10	5.04	61.53	3.02	1.51	7.06	^* * absence of organisms.	21.68
Coelomorom sp	4.53	3.02	23.20	27.23	89.28	23.70	147.79	213.36
Coelomoron tropicale	^* * absence of organisms.	14.12	2.01	27.23	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Coelosphaerium sp	14.12	5.04	6.55	10.08	1.51	4.03	32.78	81.71
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii	792.42	1848.14	2800.47	5725.02	39.84	60.02	120.04	90.28
Dolycospermum sp	1.00	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	31.27	2.01	17.65	^* * absence of organisms.	0.50
Geitlerinema sp	334.92	30.26	1140.46	166.45	34.29	53.97	^* * absence of organisms.	16.64
Leptolyngbya sp	^* * absence of organisms.	1.00	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	12.10	8.07	7.06	34.29
Limnococcus sp	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	6.05	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Limnotrix planctonica	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	2.01	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	1.00	^* * absence of organisms.
Limnotrix sp	^* * absence of organisms.	13.10	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	0.50	1.51	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Lyngbya plantonica	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	7.56	52.96	116.51
Lyngbya sp	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	9.07	61.03	^* * absence of organisms.	26.73
Merismopedia mínima	3.53	35.30	82.21	157.37	1.00	6.55	0.50	0.50
Merismopedia punctata	1.00	14.12	5.04	4.03	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Microcystis panniformis	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	4.03	6.55	^* * absence of organisms.	1.51	1.51
Microcystis proctocystis	9.07	^* * absence of organisms.	10.08	^* * absence of organisms.	3.53	11.09	2.01	^* * absence of organisms.
Oscilatoria sp	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	2.01	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Planktothrix agardhii	141.23	331.90	335.43	1457.73	28.75	53.46	90.79	116.51
Planktothrix isotrix	^* * absence of organisms.	13.11	^* * absence of organisms.	104.91	6.05	3.02	14.12	23.20
Pseudanabaena galeata	^* * absence of organisms.	1.51	^* * absence of organisms.	4.03	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Radiocystis sp	1.00^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.
Sphaerocavum brasiliensi	2.01	9.07	22.19	13.11	^* * absence of organisms.	1.00	0.50	1.00
Thiconema sp	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	1.00	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.	^* * absence of organisms.

Rotifer
Factors	Abundance				Biomass				Richness
Factors	df	Pseudo-F	P(perm)		df	Pseudo-F		P(perm)	df	Pseudo-F		P(perm)
Zones	1	3.771	0.005		1	3.555	0.013		1	16,174	0,001
Reservoirs	1	23.593	0.001		1	26.619	0.001		1	29,826	0,001
Sampling period	1	3.4272	0.022		1	3.941	0.007		1	17,87	0,001
Total	31
Cyanobacteria
Factors	Density
	df	Pseudo- F		P(perm)
Zones	1	4.2481		0.005
Reservoirs	1	39.265		0.001
Sampling period	1	6.318		0.001
Total	31

Environmental Variables
Factors	df	Pseudo- F		P(perm)
Zones	1	9.072		0.001
Reservoirs	1	19.419		0.001
Sampling period	1	3.584		0.002
Total	31

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[TFN1] ^*
non-reported data.