Substrates and containers influence the growth of <i>Campomanesia phaea</i> (O. Berg. Landrum) seedlings, an endangered Atlantic Rainforest species

Native to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, cambuci fruits can be consumed either in natura or in the processed form, and cambuci trees can be used to recover degraded areas. However, studies regarding cambuci germination and seedling development are scarce. The main aim of this study was to understand how different substrates and containers influence the growth of cambuci seedlings. To this end, two experiments were conducted: five different substrates were tested in the first experiment, and based on the multivariate analysis of the first experiment, the effect of combination of the best-performing substrates and three commonly employed plant growth containers on seedling development was investigated. Overall, good quality cambuci seedlings were obtained when they were grown in the commercial pine bark substrate and peat and perlite mixture in a 260 cm³ container.

Keywords:
cambuci; Myrtaceae; initial development; seedling production

Authorship

Marcelo Brossi Santoro ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcelo.b.santoro@gmail.com

Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.Universidade de São PauloBrazilPiracicaba, São, BrazilEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-5420

Juliana Aparecida Souza Gomes

Bruna do Amaral Brogio

Angelo Pedro Jacomino

Simone Rodrigues da Silva

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcelo.b.santoro@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (7)

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Figure 1
Mean fortnight percentages of cambuci (Campomanesia phaea O. Berg. Landrum) seedling emergence in different substrates for 120 days. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018.

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Figure 2
Variable distribution and influence of each applied treatment: (A) PC I and PC II; (B) PC I and PC III; (C) PC II and PC III; (D) Cluster analysis based on multivariate distances. Caption: (1) Pine bark substrate, (2) Sand, (3) peat + perlite (1:1, v/v), (4) vermiculite, and (5) soil.

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Figure 3
Mean fortnight percentages of cambuci (Campomanesia phaea O. Berg. Landrum) seedling emergence (%) employing different substrates (A), containers (B), and their combinations (C) for 120 days. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

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Table 1
Monthly precipitation (mm), humidity (%), and minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures (°C) during Experiment 1 in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil in 2018 and 2019.

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Table 2
Physicochemical characterizations of the assessed substrates on a wet weight basis. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018-2019.

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Table 3
Means of shoot system variables of cambuci seedlings grown in different substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018.

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Table 4
Means of root system variables of cambuci seedlings grown in different substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018.

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Table 5
Emergence speed index (ESI) of cambuci seedlings sown in different substrates and containers. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

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Table 6
Means of shoot system variables of cambuci seedlings sown in different containers and substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

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Table 7
Means of root system variables of cambuci seedlings sown in different containers and substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

Figure 1 Mean fortnight percentages of cambuci (Campomanesia phaea O. Berg. Landrum) seedling emergence in different substrates for 120 days. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018.

Figure 2 Variable distribution and influence of each applied treatment: (A) PC I and PC II; (B) PC I and PC III; (C) PC II and PC III; (D) Cluster analysis based on multivariate distances. Caption: (1) Pine bark substrate, (2) Sand, (3) peat + perlite (1:1, v/v), (4) vermiculite, and (5) soil.

Figure 3 Mean fortnight percentages of cambuci (Campomanesia phaea O. Berg. Landrum) seedling emergence (%) employing different substrates (A), containers (B), and their combinations (C) for 120 days. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

Table 1 Monthly precipitation (mm), humidity (%), and minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures (°C) during Experiment 1 in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil in 2018 and 2019.

Year	Month	Precipitation (mm)	Humidity (%)	Temperature (°C)
Year	Month	Precipitation (mm)	Humidity (%)	Minimum	Mean	Maximum
2018	May	12.95	71.45	12.97	19.94	27.81
	June	8.89	72.59	13.62	20.48	27.51
	July	2.54	62.48	10.66	19.40	28.64
	August	105.67	73.03	12.09	18.34	25.68
	September	54.30	71.01	14.85	21.25	28.73
	Means	36.87	70.11	12.84	19.88	27.67
2019	June	10.60	71.93	12.20	19.59	26.99
	July	51.30	71.00	9.42	17.71	25.99
	August	6.20	66.87	11.53	19.61	27.69
	September	55.60	67.17	15.11	22.93	30.75
	October	109.30	62.84	17.16	25.33	33.50
	Means	46.60	67.96	13.08	21.04	28.99

*Values available at the Climate Data Series from the ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ Campus in Piracicaba (SP), LEB, ESALQ, USP.

Table 2 Physicochemical characterizations of the assessed substrates on a wet weight basis. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018-2019.

Substate	pH	N total	P₂O₅	K₂O	S	Ca	Mg	C	C/N	Density	WR	EC
Substate	CaCl₂	%	-------g dm^-3------			----------%--------				g cm³	%	mS cm^-1
Pine bark substrate	5.8	0.65	2.30	1.36	0.56	1.53	1.01	22.8	35	0.47	85.6	1.77
Sand	6.6	0.29	7.12	0.71	1.07	0.22	0.05	0.30	1	1.78	14.3	0.12
Peat + perlite	5.8	0.73	0.18	0.54	0.43	1.51	0.34	22.9	31	0.18	190.5	3.57
Vermiculite	6.4	0.08	0.12	0.31	0.0	0.09	2.40	0.06	1	0.62	340.4	0.55
Soil	5.6	0.43	3.59	0.49	0.49	0.46	0.22	4.09	9	1.24	36.3	0.31

WR: water retention; EC: electrical conductivity. *Results from laboratory analysis conducted in the Soil Sciences Department, Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil (LSO, ESALQ/USP).

Table 3 Means of shoot system variables of cambuci seedlings grown in different substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018.

Substrates	Shoot system variables
Substrates	ESI^*	H (cm) ^ns	D (mm)^*	NL (l sd^-1) ^*	LAI (cm²) ^ns	SSFW (g) ^ns	SSDW (g) ^ns
Pine bark substrate	0.20 b	6.64 a	1.52 c	7.85 a	11.31 a	0.246 a	0.067 a
Sand	0.18 b	6.36 a	1.61 bc	8.12 a	10.79 a	0.236 a	0.063 a
Peat + perlite	0.21 ab	6.65 a	1.70 a	8.18 a	11.23 a	0.256 a	0.067 a
Vermiculite	0.25 a	6.78 a	1.68 ab	8.26 a	9.41 a	0.231 a	0.059 a
Soil	0.19 b	6.52 a	1.63 ab	6.66 b	9.61 a	0.235 a	0.062 a
Means	0.19	6.59	1.63	7.81	10.47	0.240	0.063
P-value	0.0001	0.3905	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0167	0.309	0.1547
CV (%)	7.05	18.09	11.79	19.67	37.15	29.82	31.84

^*
^*)Means followed by the same letters in the columns are not significantly different according to Tukey’s test (P-value < 0.05). Caption: Coefficient of variation (CV), emergence speed index (ESI), height (H), stem diameter (D), number of leaves (NL), leaf area index (LAI), shoot system fresh weight (SSFW), and shoot system dry weight (SSDW).

Table 4 Means of root system variables of cambuci seedlings grown in different substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018.

Substrates	Root system variables
Substrates	RSL (cm)^*	RSAD (mm)^*	RSSA (cm²)^*	RSV (cm³)^*	RSFW (g)^*	RSDW (g)^*
Pine bark substrate	159.83 a	0.368 a	18.499 a	0.171 a	0.327 a	0.038 a
Sand	112.07 b	0.319 c	11.133 b	0.088 b	0.178 c	0.027 cd
Peat + perlite	145.84 a	0.363 a	16.648 a	0.152 a	0.245 b	0.035 ab
Vermiculite	122.18 b	0.334 b	12.830 b	0.108 b	0.181 c	0.025 d
Soil	112.23 b	0.357 a	12.264 b	0.107 b	0.159 c	0.031 bc
Mean	130.43	0.348	14.275	0.129	0.218	0.0312
P-value	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
CV (%)	31.77	8.88	31.38	33.12	33.66	32.31

^(*)Means followed by the same letters in the columns are not significantly different according to Tukey’s test (P-value < 0.05). Caption: Coefficient of variation (CV), root system length (RSL), root system average diameter (RSAD), root system superficial area (RSSA), root system volume (RSV), root system fresh weight (RSFW), and root system dry weight (RSDW).

Table 5 Emergence speed index (ESI) of cambuci seedlings sown in different substrates and containers. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

Variable	ESI^*
Substrate	Container (cm³)			Mean
Substrate	53	95	260	Mean
Pine bark substrate	0.03 c	0.12 b	0.19 a	0.12
Turfa + perlite	0.02 c	0.15 b	0.21 a	0.12
Mean	0.03 c	0.13 b	0.20 a	0.12
P-value	<0.001
CV (%)	21.62

(^*)Means followed by the same letters (lowercase in columns and uppercase in rows) do not significantly differ based on Tukey’s test (P-value < 0.05).

Table 6 Means of shoot system variables of cambuci seedlings sown in different containers and substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

Variable	H (cm) ^*				D (mm)^*3
Substrate	Container (cm³)			Mean	Container (cm³)			Mean
Substrate	53	95	260	Mean	53	95	260	Mean
Pine bark substrate	5.62 Bb	6.60 Aa	6.83 Aa	6.36 A	1.61	1.51 B	1.56	1.56
Peat + perlite	5.18 Bb	5.25 Bb	5.99 Ba	5.50 B	1.61 ab	1.66 Aa	1.56 b	1.60
Mean	5.41 c	5.92 b	6.40 a	5.92	1.61	1.58	1.56	1.58
P-value	<0.001				0.004
CV (%)	21.48				22.68
Variable	LAI (cm²) ^*1				NL²
Substrate	Container (cm³)			Mean	Container (cm³)			Mean
	53	95	260	Mean	53	95	260	Mean
Pine bark substrate	6.75 Bc	9.37 Ab	12.83 Aa	9.61 A	6.90	7.21	7.40	7.17
Peat + perlite	6.75 Bb	6.60 Bb	10.53 Ba	8.08 B	7.36	6.95	7.64	7.31
Mean	6.75 c	7.97 b	11.56 a	8.82	7.12 ab	7.08 b	7.53 a	7.24
P-value	<0.001				0.0081
CV (%)	35.67				53.50
Variable	SSFW (g)^*				SSDW (g) ^*1
Substrate	Container (cm³)			Mean	Container (cm³)			Mean
	53	95	260	Mean	53	95	260	Mean
Pine bark substrate	0.243 Bc	0.321 Ab	0.411 Aa	0.324 A	0.058	0.062	0.071	0.063 A
Peat + perlite	0.232 Bb	0.245 Bb	0.311 Ba	0.265 B	0.049	0.055	0.073	0.059 B
Mean	0.237 c	0.283 b	0.355 a	0.294	0.054 c	0.058 b	0.072 a	0.062
P-value	<0.001				<0.001
CV (%)	26.92				15.82

^(*)Means followed by the same letters, lowercase in rows and uppercase in columns, do not differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (P-value < 0.05). ^(ns) not statistically significant. ⁽¹⁾ Data transformed as: f(x) = √x. ⁽²⁾ Friedman’s non-parametric test. ⁽³⁾ Data transformed as f(x) = x². Caption: Shoot system fresh weight (SSFW), shoot system dry weight (SSDW), number of leaves (NL), leaf area index (LAI), height (H), and stem diameter (D).

Table 7 Means of root system variables of cambuci seedlings sown in different containers and substrates. Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2019.

Variables	RSFW (g) ^*4				RSDW (g) ^*1
Substrate	Container (cm³)			Mean	Container (cm³)			Mean
Substrate	53	95	260	Mean	53	95	260	Mean
Pine bark substrate	0.123 Ba	0.087 Bb	0.109 Bab	0.105 B	0.022 a	0.021 b	0.026 a	0.023
Peat + perlite	0.134 Bab	0.094 Bb	0.165 Aa	0.131 A	0.026 a	0.021 b	0.024 a	0.023
Mean	0.128 a	0.091 b	0.140 a	0.118	0.024 a	0.021 b	0.025 a	0.023
P-value	<0.001				<0.001
CV (%)	13.42				19.11
Variables	RSL (cm) *¹				RSSA (cm²) *¹
Substrate	Container (cm³)			Mean	Container (cm³)			Mean
Substrate	53	95	260	Mean	53	95	260	Mean
Pine bark substrate	90.16 Ac	124.12 Ab	161.83 Aa	125.08 A	9.78 Bc	12.32 Ab	15.81 Aa	12.56 A
Peat + perlite	79.29 Aa	80.57 Ba	97.17 Ba	86.27 B	10.32 Bab	8.69 Bb	11.28 Ba	10.08 B
Mean	84.95 c	102.17 b	126.04 a	105.15	10.04 b	10.49 b	13.26 a	11.28
P-value	<0.001				<0.001
CV (%)	20.89				20.10
Variables	RSAD (mm) *⁵				RSV (cm³) *¹
Substrate	Container (cm³)			Mean	Container (cm³)			Mean
Substrate	53	95	260	Mean	53	95	260	Mean
Pine bark substrate	0.35 Ba	0.32 Bb	0.33 Ba	0.33 B	0.085 b	0.098 Ab	0.132 Aa	0.104
Peat + perlite	0.42 Aa	0.34 Ac	0.37 Ab	0.37 A	0.108 a	0.075 Bb	0.105 Ba	0.095
Mean	0.38 a	0.33 c	0.35 b	0.35	0.096 b	0.086 b	0.117 a	0.099
P-value	<0.001				<0.001
CV (%)	8.96				20.98

^(*)Means followed by the same letters, lowercase in rows and uppercase in columns, do not differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (P-value < 0.05). (ns) not statistically significant. ⁽¹⁾ Data transformed as: f(x) = √x. ⁽⁴⁾ Data transformed as: f(x) = 4√x. (5) Data transformed as: f(x) = 1/x. Caption: Root system fresh weight (RSFW), root system dry weight (RSDW), root system volume (RSV), root system length (RSL), root system surface area (RSSA), and root system average diameter (RSAD).

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Substrates and containers influence the growth of <i>Campomanesia phaea</i> (O. Berg. Landrum) seedlings, an endangered Atlantic Rainforest species

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: marcelo.b.santoro@gmail.com