Combining ability analysis in bitter gourd (<i>Momordica charantia</i> L.) for potential quality improvement

Kundu, B. C.; Mohsin, G. M.; Rahman, M. S.; Ahamed, F.; Mahato, A. K.; Hossain, K. M. Delowar; Jalloh, M. B.; Alam, Md. Amirul

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.255605

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.255605 copy

Combining ability analysis in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for potential quality improvement

Análise de capacidade de combinação em cabaça-amarga (Momordica charantia L.) para melhoria potencial da qualidade

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Combining ability analysis provides useful information for the selection of parents, also information regarding the nature and magnitude of involved gene actions. Crops improvement involves strategies for enhancing yield potentiality and quality components. Targeting the improvement of respective characters in bitter gourd, combining ability and genetic parameters for 19 characters were estimated from a 6×6 full diallel analysis technique. The results revealed that the variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for most of the important characters. It indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions. GCA variances were higher in magnitude than SCA variances for all the characters studied indicating the predominance of the additive gene effects in their inheritance. The parent P₂ (BG 009) appeared as the best general combiner for earliness; P₁ (BG 006) for number of fruits, average single fruit weight and fruit yield; P₄ (BG 027) for node number of first female flower and days to seed fruit maturity; P₃ (BG 011) for fruit length and thickness of the fruit flesh; P₅ (BG 033) for 100-seed weight; and P₆ for number of nodes per main vine. The SCA effect as well as reciprocal effect was also significant for most of the important characters in different crosses.

Keywords:
bitter gourd (Momordica charanta L.); genetic parameters; diallel; GCA; SCA

Source of variation	d.f	Character (Mean sum of square)
Source of variation	d.f	Days to first male flower opening	Node number of first male flower	Days to first female flower opening	Node number of first female flower	Main vine length (m)	No. of primary branches per vine	No. of nodes per main vine (no.)
Block	2	38.19**	63.35**	97.69^ Significant at 1% level of probability.	13.17**	2.16**	0.96**	1135.39**
Crosses	35	35.79**	22.78**	46.04**	35.67**	0.74**	1.44**	151.80**
GCA	5	94.09**	26.79**	96.54**	81.45**	1.70**	5.03**	428.54**
SCA	15	22.44**	31.60**	27.33**	33.89**	0.51**	0.97**	99.61**
Reciprocal	15	29.72**	12.63**	47.91**	22.20**	0.65**	0.72**	111.75**
Error	70	2.47	3.5	8.16	4.47	0.18	0.23	44.20
SCA/GCA	1	0.24	1.18	0.28	0.42	0.30	0.19	0.23
Rec/GCA	1	0.32	0.47	0.50	0.27	0.38	0.14	0.26

Source of variation	d.f	Character (Mean sum of square)
Source of variation	d.f	Days to first male flower opening	Node number of first male flower	Days to first female flower opening	Node number of first female flower	Main vine length (m)	No. of primary branches per vine	No. of nodes per main vine (no.)
Block	2	38.19^ Significant at 1% level of probability.	63.35**	97.69**	13.17**	2.16**	0.96**	1135.39**
Crosses	35	35.79**	22.78**	46.04**	35.67**	0.74**	1.44**	151.80**
GCA	5	94.09**	26.79**	96.54**	81.45**	1.70**	5.03**	428.54**
SCA	15	22.44**	31.60**	27.33**	33.89**	0.51**	0.97**	99.61**
Reciprocal	15	29.72**	12.63**	47.91**	22.20**	0.65**	0.72**	111.75**
Error	70	2.47	3.5	8.16	4.47	0.18	0.23	44.20
SCA/GCA	1	0.24	1.18	0.28	0.42	0.30	0.19	0.23
Rec/GCA	1	0.32	0.47	0.50	0.27	0.38	0.14	0.26

Source of variation	d.f	Character (Mean sum of square)
Source of variation	d.f	Number of fruits per vine (no.)	Av. Single fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield per vine (kg)	Fruit length (cm)	Fruit diameter (cm)	Thickness of fruit flesh (mm)	Thickness of fruit rind (mm)
Block	2	22.54**	521.45**	0.03**	15.87**	0.60**	12.45**	1.34**
Crosses	35	40.9**	1843.41**	0.25**	17.25**	0.41**	14.52**	0.79**
GCA	5	75.68**	7019.63**	0.78**	78.51**	1.08**	27.31**	1.96**
SCA	15	31.23**	1168.61**	0.16**	6.43**	0.18**	12.60**	0.59**
Reciprocal	15	37.80**	792.81**	0.16**	7.66**	0.41**	12.19**	0.59**
Error	70	2.97	62.03	0.01	2.87	0.11	3.76	0.35
SCA/GCA	1	0.41	0.17	0.21	0.08	0.17	0.46	0.30
Rec/GCA	1	0.50	0.11	0.21	0.10	0.38	0.45	0.30

Source of variation	d.f	Character (Mean sum of square)
Source of variation	d.f	Days to green fruit maturity	Days to seed fruit maturity	Number of seed per fruit	Seed weight per fruit (g)	100 seed weight (g)
Block	2	7.01**	4.86**	0.11**	0.34**	4.72**
Crosses	35	6.65**	3.75**	58.38**	1.18**	11.25**
GCA	5	12.88**	4.94**	133.76**	1.28**	25.9**
SCA	15	5.64**	2.37**	30.56**	0.86**	7.76**
Reciprocal	15	5.58**	4.73**	61.09**	1.47**	9.85**
Error	70	2.29	1.39	1.82	0.23	1.21
SCA/GCA	1	0.44	0.48	0.23	0.67	0.30
Rec/GCA	1	0.43	0.96	0.46	1.15	0.38

Parents	Characters
Parents	Days to first male flower opening	Node number of first male flower	Days to first female flower opening	Node number of first female flower	Main vine length (m)	No. of primary branches per vine	No. of nodes per main vine (no.)
P₁ (BG 006)	-1.51** (45.97)	-1.23** (18.74)	-1.42* (48.71)	0.14 (28.27)	0.14 (28.27)	-0.17 (4.74)	-0.63 (76.50)
P₂ (BG 009)	-1.73** (45.75)	0.13 (20.10)	-1.73** (48.40)	0.21 (28.37)	0.21 (28.37)	-0.32** (4.59)	-1.78 (74.08)
P₃ (BG 011)	2.33* (49.81)	0.04 (20.01)	1.19* (51.32)	-0.98* (27.15)	-0.98* (27.15)	-0.21* (4.70)	-0.60 (75.28)
P₄ (BG 027	-0.87* (46.61)	-0.68 (19.29)	-1.18* (48.95)	-2.37** (25.76)	-2.37** (25.76)	-0.16 (4.74)	-4.31** (71.57)
P₅ (BG 033	1.01** (48.49)	0.56 (20.54)	2.16** (52.29)	1.84** (29.97)	1.84** (29.97)	0.17 (5.07)	-0.02 (75.86)
P₆ (BG 036)	0.77 (48.25)	1.19** (21.16)	0.98 (51.10)	1.15* (29.28)	1.15* (29.28)	0.69** (5.59)	6.08** (81.96)
SE gi	0.24	0.29	0.43	0.32	0.32	0.07	1.01
SE (gi-gj)	0.37	0.44	0.67	0.50	0.50	0.11	1.57

Parents	Characters
	Number of fruits per vine (no.)	Av. Single fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield per vine (kg)	Fruit length	Fruit diameter (cm)	Thickness of fruit flesh (mm)	Thickness of fruit rind (mm)
	Number of fruits per vine (no.)	Av. Single fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield per vine (kg)	(cm)	Fruit diameter (cm)	Thickness of fruit flesh (mm)	Thickness of fruit rind (mm)
P₁ (BG 006)	1.76**	17.18**	0.28**	1.35**	0.19*	0.83*	0.26*
P₁ (BG 006)	(12.94)	(107.03)	(1.22)	(18.59)	(4.47)	(26.52)	(5.63)
P₂ (BG 009)	0.69*	-8.46**	-0.01	0.30	-0.08	-0.45	-0.23
P₂ (BG 009)	(11.87)	(81.39)	(0.93)	(17.54)	(4.20)	(25.24)	(5.14)
P₃ (BG 011)	-1.49**	0.67	-0.04	1.43**	-0.20*	-0.85*	-0.15
P₃ (BG 011)	(9.70)	(90.52)	(0.90)	(18.67)	(4.08)	(24.84)	(5.22)
P₄ (BG 027)	1.4**	-22.07**	-0.15**	-2.48**	-0.15*	-0.86*	-0.18
P₄ (BG 027)	(12.58)	(67.79)	(0.78)	(14.77)	(4.13)	(24.83)	(5.19)
P₅ (BG 033)	-1.12**	-10.84**	-0.03	-0.87**	0.22**	1.20*	0.31*
P₅ (BG 033)	(10.07)	(100.69)	(0.90)	(16.38)	(4.50)	(26.89)	(5.68)
P₆ (BG 036)	-1.24**	1.84	-0.05	0.28**	0.02	0.12	-0.01
P₆ (BG 036)	(9.94)	(91.69)	(0.89)	(17.52)	(4.30)	(25.81)	(5.36)
SE gi	0.26	1.2	0.03	0.26	0.05	0.29	0.09
SE(gi-gj)	0.41	1.86	0.04	0.40	0.08	0.46	0.14

Parents	Characters
	Number of fruits per vine (no.)	Av. Single fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield per vine (kg)	Fruit length	Fruit diameter (cm)	Thickness of fruit flesh (mm)	Thickness of fruit rind (mm)
	Number of fruits per vine (no.)	Av. Single fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield per vine (kg)	(cm)	Fruit diameter (cm)	Thickness of fruit flesh (mm)	Thickness of fruit rind (mm)
P₁ (BG 006)	1.76**	17.18**	0.28**	1.35**	0.19*	0.83*	0.26*
P₁ (BG 006)	(12.94)	(107.03)	(1.22)	(18.59)	(4.47)	(26.52)	(5.63)
P₂ (BG 009)	0.69*	-8.46**	-0.01	0.30	-0.08	-0.45	-0.23
P₂ (BG 009)	(11.87)	(81.39)	(0.93)	(17.54)	(4.20)	(25.24)	(5.14)
P₃ (BG 011)	-1.49**	0.67	-0.04	1.43**	-0.20*	-0.85*	-0.15
P₃ (BG 011)	(9.70)	(90.52)	(0.90)	(18.67)	(4.08)	(24.84)	(5.22)
P₄ (BG 027)	1.4**	-22.07**	-0.15**	-2.48**	-0.15*	-0.86*	-0.18
P₄ (BG 027)	(12.58)	(67.79)	(0.78)	(14.77)	(4.13)	(24.83)	(5.19)
P₅ (BG 033)	-1.12**	-10.84**	-0.03	-0.87**	0.22**	1.20*	0.31*
P₅ (BG 033)	(10.07)	(100.69)	(0.90)	(16.38)	(4.50)	(26.89)	(5.68)
P₆ (BG 036)	-1.24**	1.84	-0.05	0.28**	0.02	0.12	-0.01
P₆ (BG 036)	(9.94)	(91.69)	(0.89)	(17.52)	(4.30)	(25.81)	(5.36)
SE gi	0.26	1.2	0.03	0.26	0.05	0.29	0.09
SE(gi-gj)	0.41	1.86	0.04	0.40	0.08	0.46	0.14

Crosses	Characters
Crosses	Days to first male flower opening	Node number of first male flower	Days to first female flower opening	Node number of first female flower	Main vine length (m)	No. of primary branches per vine	No. of nodes per main vine (no.)
P₁xP₂	0.93	0.63	-2.65*	-2.79*	-0.14	0.30	-0.28
P₁xP₃	-1.55*	-0.36	-1.57	-2.43**	-0.25	0.19	-2.60
P₁xP₄	-0.01	-0.23	0.30	0.93	0.38**	-0.02	-0.49
P₁xP₅	2.02**	0.03	3.30**	0.72	-0.43*	0.21	-7.01**
P₁xP₆	-0.60	0.10	-0.27	3.50**	-0.16	-0.67**	-0.38
P₂xP₃	0.83	1.78*	0.91	-1.20	-0.17	-0.26	-6.08*
P₂xP₄	0.70	0.67	-0.06	0.19	-0.002	-0.71**	-1.79
P₂xP₅	0.85	-2.94**	2.61*	0.32	0.35*	-0.07	3.09
P₂xP₆	-2.94**	-0.92	-1.30	-0.30	0.31	0.81**	5.03*
P₃xP₄	1.31*	1.00	2.69*	0.54	-0.09	0.16	-0.35
P₃xP₅	-2.07**	2.59**	-2.17*	3.23*	0.18	-0.08	3.63
P₃xP₆	0.72	0.36	0.87	-2.08*	0.19	0.35	1.41
P₄xP₅	0.46	2.48**	-0.69	0.40	0.16	-0.05	4.37
P₄xP₆	3.78**	3.02^ Significant at 1% level of probability. Non-strike means non-significant up to 5% level of probability.	2.53^* * Significant at 5% level of probability;	2.67*	-0.10	0.15	0.35
P₅xP₆	-1.26*	-0.72	0.07	-0.70	-0.26	-0.09	-2.69
SE(sij)	0.54	0.65	0.99	0.73	0.15	0.17	2.31

Crosses	Characters
Crosses	Number of fruits per vine (no.)	Av. Single fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield per vine (kg)	Fruit length (cm)	Fruit diameter (cm)	Thickness of fruit flesh (mm)	Thickness of fruit rind (mm)
P₁xP₂	0.47	7.03*	-0.19**	-0.43	0.18	1.91*	0.47
P₁xP₃	-0.38	19.07**	0.11**	0.96*	-0.23	-1.92*	-0.08
P₁xP₄	-0.63	-0.65	0.23**	0.81*	-0.003	0.27	-0.22
P₁xP₅	-2.86**	10.69*	-0.22**	0.54	-0.08	-1.80*	0.26
P₁xP₆	0.21	-7.18^* * Significant at 5% level of probability;	-0.01	-0.14	0.04	0.63	-0.14
P₂xP₃	-2.97**	12.31**	-0.15**	1.08*	-0.19	-2.21	0.17
P₂xP₄	3.57**	1.38	0.15**	-0.21	-0.02	-0.21	0.28
P₂xP₅	2.63**	-22.67^ Significant at 1% level of probability. Non-strike means non-significant up to 5% level of probability.	-0.02	0.56	-0.06	-0.31	-0.42
P₂xP₆	-0.17	2.05	0.10**	-1.25*	-0.09	-0.78	-0.10
P₃xP₄	0.32	-8.05*	-0.13**	-0.11	-0.11	-0.85	0.03
P₃xP₅	2.47**	14.52**	0.35**	-0.23	0.44	2.82**	0.01
P₃xP₆	0.32	-19.66**	-0.02	-1.66*	0.13	0.63	0.46
P₄xP₅	-2.19**	4.16	-0.04	0.62	-0.01	-0.04	0.31
P₄xP₆	2.66**	1.83	0.14**	0.40	0.15	1.13	0.02
P₅xP₆	-0.16	-4.56	-0.10**	0.36	-0.20	-1.17	-0.32
SE(sij)	0.60	2.73	0.02	0.59	0.12	0.79	0.34

Crosses	Character
Crosses	Days to green fruit maturity	Days to seed fruit maturity	Number of seed per fruit	Seed weight per fruit (g)	100-seed weight (g)
P₁xP₂	-0.22	-0.23	2.91**	0.44*	-0.05
P₁xP₃	-0.73	-0.04	-0.57	-0.36*	-1.65**
P₁xP₄	1.07	-0.25	-4.24**	0.42*	1.21**
P₁xP₅	-0.97	0.77	0.50	-0.11	-1.08*
P₁xP₆	-0.30	0.70	1.25*	0.02	-0.08
P₂xP₃	-1.58*	-0.55	-2.16*	-0.19	1.09*
P₂xP₄	-0.05	0.47	-1.47*	-0.21	-0.26
P₂xP₅	1.22*	-1.05*	3.08**	0.54**	0.13
P₂xP₆	0.97	-0.16	-1.80*	-0.19	0.65
P₃xP₄	1.06	-0.32	1.89*	0.09	-1.12**
P₃xP₅	0.57	0.86	-1.01^* * Significant at 5% level of probability;	-0.13	0.24
P₃xP₆	0.79	-0.41	2.19^ Significant at 1% level of probability. Non-strike means non-significant up to 5% level of probability.	0.30	0.47
P₄xP₅	-0.62	-0.24	0.08	-0.06	0.33
P₄xP₆	-0.09	0.42	0.81	0.53**	1.61**
P₅xP₆	-1.30*	-0.28	-3.56**	-0.71**	-1.09**
SE(sij)	0.52	0.41	0.47	0.17	-0.38

Crosses	Characters
Crosses	Days to first Male flower opening	Node number of first male flower	Days to first female flower opening	Node number of first female flower	Main vine length (m)	No. of primary branches per vine	No. of nodes per main vine (no.)
P₂xP₁	1.33	1.50	-1.11	-3.08**	0.07	-0.11	-2.06
P₃xP₁	-4.42**	0.75	-4.00**	0.86	0.43**	0.28	7.81*
P₄xP₁	0.58	3.67	1.50	5.00**	0.23	-0.45**	4.04
P₅xP₁	-3.83**	0.67	-1.67	0.67	-0.003	-0.55**	-0.36
P₆xP₁	0.14	-0.47	-1.58	1.08	0.16	0.42	0.96
P₃xP₂	-0.92	-0.75	-0.33	1.17	-0.27	0.31	-1.75
P₄xP₂	-0.75	0.25	0.67	2.00^ Significant at 1% level of probability. Non-strike means non-significant up to 5% level of probability.	0.39^* * Significant at 5% level of probability;	-0.28	5.33
P₅xP₂	-3.45**	1.28	-6-.61	-0.33	-0.66*	-0.43	3.83
P₆xP₂	-1.42*	0.03	-0.58	0.86	0.18	-0.42	-1.13
P₄xP₃	1.69*	0.06	1.11	0.00	0.37*	-0.30	0.25
P₅xP₃	-0.92	-0.17	-2.69*	-1.45	0.70**	0.39	10.55**
P₆xP₃	0.14	-1.45	-3.83**	-3.11**	-0.15	-0.32	-3.39
P₅xP₄	-3.92**	-2.50**	-4.92**	0.50	0.11	0.15	-4.08
P₆xP₄	-1.50	1.33	-1.53	0.58	0.06	0.08	-0.50
P₆xP₅	1.17	1.50	-0.83	0.25	0.05	0.33	3.08
SE (rij)	0.64	0.77	1.17	0.86	0.17	0.20	2.71

Crosses	Characters
Crosses	Number of fruits per vine (no.)	Av. Single fruit weight(g)	Fruit yield per vine (kg)	Fruit length (cm)	Fruit diameter (cm)	Thickness of fruit flesh (mm)	Thickness of fruit rind (mm)
P₂xP₁	-2.15^ Significant at 1% level of probability. Non-strike means non-significant up to 5% level of probability.	20.51**	0.07*	1.50**	-0.03	0.25	-0.28
P₃xP₁	2.42**	-4.18	0.27**	-0.86	0.63**	0.84	0.21
P₄xP₁	-0.46	5.46	0.10**	0.37	-0.16	-1.82*	0.05
P₅xP₁	-0.36	-0.58	-0.07^* * Significant at 5% level of probability;	-1.23	-0.21	0.95	-0.02
P₆xP₁	-0.42	13.61**	0.13**	-1.20	-0.27	0.41	-0.19
P₃xP₂	0.75	-16.63**	-0.01	-0.07	-0.33*	1.85*	0.20
P₄xP₂	0.00	-0.54	-0.002	1.94	0.08	-0.83	-0.09
P₅xP₂	-3.45**	4.79	-0.23**	0.37	-0.08	-0.86	-0.22
P₆xP₂	-2.54**	3.46	-0.32**	1.04	-0.05	-0.39	-0.14
P₄xP₃	-5.92**	10.88**	-0.23**	0.70	0.10	1.33	-0.44
P₅xP₃	1.56*	-4.76	0.18**	2.06**	-0.28	-2.49**	-0.49
P₆xP₃	1.78*	-18.61**	-0.13**	0.05	0.12	0.43	0.48
P₅xP₄	3.50**	-20.46**	0.13**	-0.03	-0.43**	-3.16**	-0.55**
P₆xP₄	3.00**	-7.53*	0.06*	-1.73	0.06	1.06	-0.25
P₆ xP₅	1.67*	7.39*	-0.16**	-0.59	0.26	1.00	0.38
SE (rij)	0.70	3.22	0.03	0.69	0.14	0.79	0.24

Crosses	Character
Crosses	Days to green fruit maturity	Days to seed fruit maturity	Number of seed per fruit	Seed weight per fruit (g)	100-seed weight (g)
P₂xP₁	-0.29	1.39*	7.43^ Significant at 1% level of probability. Non-strike means non-significant up to 5% level of probability.	1.02**	-0.16
P₃xP₁	0.17	0.39	2.07**	0.55*	1.30
P₄xP₁	-1.42^* * Significant at 5% level of probability;	-0.44	1.69**	0.37	0.20
P₅xP₁	0.80	-0.33	1.34*	0.31	0.56
P₆xP₁	0.74	-0.04	5.47**	0.41	-2.68**
P₃xP₂	0.18	1.11	0.75	0.28	1.22*
P₄xP₂	1.13	0.85	-1.29*	-0.26	-0.38
P₅xP₂	-0.06	-1.66*	2.08**	0.44*	0.25
P₆xP₂	2.37**	0.12	-1.47**	-0.28	-0.19
P₄xP₃	-0.33	0.74	0.38	0.05	-0.04
P₅xP₃	-1.52*	-0.95	-4.64**	-0.56*	0.61
P₆xP₃	0.34	0.17	-0.59	-0.26	-1.38**
P₅xP₄	0.38	-1.37*	-2.75**	-0.19	1.67**
P₆xP₄	0.48	-0.70	4.49**	0.92**	1.18*
P₆xP₅	0.90	-0.94	-0.43	-0.50*	-2.67**
SE(rij)	0.62	0.48	0.55	0.20	0.45

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[1] *e-mail: amirulalam@ums.edu.my