Usos etnomedicinais de plantas para várias doenças nas áreas remotas da Floresta Changa Manga, Paquistão

Sharif, A.; Shah, N. A.; Rauf, A.; Hadayat, N.; Gul, A.; Nawaz, G.; Sakhi, S.; Iqbal, M.; Khan, M. R.; Shah, A. A.; Azam, N.; Iftikhar, H.; Shah, S. A.; Bahadur, S.; Hussain, F.; Shuaib, M.

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.255916 copiar

Usos etnomedicinais de plantas para várias doenças nas áreas remotas da Floresta Changa Manga, Paquistão

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar o conhecimento indígena sobre a flora medicinal dos habitantes do entorno da maior floresta artificial plantada do mundo, a Changa Manga, no Paquistão. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas diretas e reuniões em grupo de 81 habitantes, incluindo 32 curandeiros locais, com informações sobre o uso de plantas medicinais indígenas durante o período de um ano. Diferentes ferramentas estatísticas foram aplicadas para analisar os dados, incluindo citação de frequência (FC), citação de frequência relativa (RFC), valor de uso, fator de consenso dos informantes e nível de fidelidade. Este estudo relatou 73 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 37 famílias de plantas e 46 gêneros. A maioria das espécies de plantas pertence à família Compositae. As plantas medicinais mais utilizadas foram P. hysterophorus L., P. dactylifera L., S. indicum L., P. harmala L., P. emblica L. e A. indica A. Juss. O maior número de espécies foi usado para curar distúrbios gastrointestinais. O maior nível de fidelidade (68,18%) foi de E. helioscopia para cura de distúrbios gastrointestinais. Os usos máximos em fresco (17) foram relatados por C. dactylon (L.) Pars. enquanto o maior número de espécies relatando usos frescos em número semelhante foi de 13. Neste estudo, cinco novas plantas estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez no Paquistão por seu valor etnomedicinal. Nossos dados refletem o uso exclusivo das plantas medicinais na área de estudo. As ferramentas estatísticas utilizadas no estudo mostraram-se úteis para apontar as plantas mais importantes e específicas da categoria de doença. Plantas de alto valor de uso e as novas plantas medicinais relatadas podem ser uma importante fonte de isolamento de compostos farmacologicamente ativos.

Palavras-chave:
valor de uso; etnobotânica; sistema local de saúde; conhecimento indígena; etnofarmacologia; Changa Manga

Variable	Demographic categories	Percentage(%)
Gender	Male	75
Gender	Female	25
Experience	Local people	83
Experience	Herbalist	17
Age	20-40years	59
	41-60years	28
	61 and above years	9
Education	Illiterate	33
	Primary and middle	28
	Secondary and undergraduate	33
	Graduate and Postgraduate	8

Botanical name	Family	V.name	Habit	Part used	F.period	FC	RFC	Use value	%age of healers practicing	Medicinal uses
Abutilon theophrasti Medik.(CM 107)	Malvaceae	Pataer	Herb	L, R	Jul-Aug	45	0.55	0.26	84.4	Ophthalmic, emollient, laxative, ulcer, demulcent, antipyretic, diuretic, stomachic, dysentery (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC (CM 11)	Leguminosae	Sikakai	Shrub	F, L, B	Sep-Oct	21	0.25	0.35	62.5	Expectorant, hair tonic, antimalarial (Akram et al., 2014AKRAM, M., HAMID, A., KHALIL, A., GHAFFAR, A., TAYYABA, N., SAEED, A., ALI, M. and NAVEED, A., 2014. Review on medicinal uses, pharmacological, phytochemistry and immunomodulatory activity of plants. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 313-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463201402700301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03946320140270... ), skin uses (Sharma et al., 2003SHARMA, L., AGARWAL, G. and KUMAR, A., 2003. Medicinal plants for skin and hair care. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 62-68.)
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (CM 114)	Leguminosae	Kikar	Tree	B, G, L, Sd	Mar-May	12	0.14	0.17	71.9	Astringent, diarrhea, dysentery (Saqib et al., 2014SAQIB, Z., MAHMOOD, A., NASEEM MALIK, R., MAHMOOD, A., HUSSIAN SYED, J. and AHMAD, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 820-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.034. PMid:24286963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.... ), expectorant (Ahmad et al., 2013AHMAD, K., AHMAD, M. and WECKERLE, C., 2013. Ethnobotanical studies of the eastern plains of Takht-e-Sulaiman hills. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 45, pp. 197-205.), toothache (Marwat, 2008MARWAT, S.K., 2008. Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 293-303.), aphrodisiac, gonorrhea (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... ), gingivitis (Marwat, 2008MARWAT, S.K., 2008. Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 293-303.)
Achyranthes aspera L. (CM 18)	Amaranthaceae	Puthkanda	Shrub	WP	Jul-Sep	7	0.086	0.09	75	Blood purifier, cough (Saqib et al., 2014SAQIB, Z., MAHMOOD, A., NASEEM MALIK, R., MAHMOOD, A., HUSSIAN SYED, J. and AHMAD, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 820-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.034. PMid:24286963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.... ), expectorant (Qureshi et al., 2010QURESHI, R., BHATTI, G.R. and MEMON, R.A., 2010. Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs from northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 42, pp. 839-851.), wounds (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... )
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult (CM 119)	Amaranthaceae	Kandyari	Herb	F,	Sep-Dec	5	0.06	0.06	78.1	Cold, antitussive, antipyretic, ulcers, anti-inflammatory, stomach problems (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... ), toothache (Qureshi et al., 2010QURESHI, R., BHATTI, G.R. and MEMON, R.A., 2010. Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs from northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 42, pp. 839-851.), wounds (Marwat, 2008MARWAT, S.K., 2008. Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 293-303.),
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (CM 139)	Compositae	Bandotan,Sumatra	Herb	R, L, Fw	Jul-Sep	11	0.13	0.16	75	Scabies, bruises, Antilithic (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.), leprosy, cuts and wounds (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (CM 146)	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Kawargandal	Herb	Lx	May-Jun	45	0.55	0.09	100	Stomach ache, tonic, cathartic, stomachic, dressing for boils (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... )
Anagallis arvensis L.(CM 66)	Primulaceae	Balchar	Herb	L	May-Aug	60	0.74	0.95	90.6	Cholagogue, nervine, antitussive, skin infection, purgative, stimulant, vulnerary, epilepsy, expectorant, diuretic (Amjad, 2015AMJAD, M.S., 2015. Ethnobotanical profiling and floristic diversity of Bana Valley, Kotli (Azad Jammu and Kashmir), Pakistan. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 292-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30348-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)... ), warts (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Azadirachta indica A.Juss.(CM 73)	Meliaceae	Neem	Tree	L, Fw, Sd, Tw	Apr-May	58	0.71	0.90	100	Ear ache, leprosy, mouth dryness, hemorrhoids, Scabies (Qureshi et al., 2011QURESHI, R., MAQSOOD, M., ARSHAD, C.A. and CHAUDHRY, A.K., 2011. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants by the people of Kadhi areas of Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 43, pp. 121-133.), rashes (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... ), antipyretic (Biswas et al., 2002BISWAS, K., CHATTOPADHYAY, I., BANERJEE, R.K. and BANDYOPADHYAY, U., 2002. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science, vol. 82, pp. 1336-1345.)
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.(CM 82)	Apocynaceae	Akk	Shrub	WP	Mar-Oct	63	0.77	0.87	81.2	Cholera, toothache (Shah et al., 2013SHAH, A., MARWAT, S.K., GOHAR, F., KHAN, A., BHATTI, K.H., AMIN, M., DIN, N.U., AHMAD, M. and ZAFAR, M., 2013. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of semi-tribal area of Makerwal & Gulla Khel (lying between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Provinces), Pakistan. American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 4, no. 01, pp. 98-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.41015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.4101... ), cough (Kamal et al., 2009KAMAL, M., WAZIR, S.M., HASSAN, M., SUBHAN, M., KHAN, S., MUHAMMAD, A. and TAJ, S., 2009. Ethnobotanically important plants of district Bannu, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 15, pp. 87-93.), vermifuge, stomach disease (Iqbal et al., 2005IQBAL, Z., LATEEF, M., JABBAR, A., MUHAMMAD, G. and KHAN, M.N., 2005. Anthelmintic activity of Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. F. flowers in sheep. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 256-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.022. PMid:16085379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.... )
Cannabis sativa L. (CM 171)	Cannabaceae	Bhang	Herb	WP	Jul	71	0.87	0.95	100	Tetanus, stomachic, whooping cough, Diarrhea (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... )
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. (CM 190)	Capparaceae	Karrir, Karail	Shrub	AP	Mar-Apr	62	0.76	0.79	87.5	Arthritis, dropsy, anemia, memory supplement, gout, diuretic, back ache, general tonic, rheumatism (Marwat, 2008MARWAT, S.K., 2008. Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 293-303.)
Carissa carandas L. (CM 128)	Apocynaceae	Karonda	Shrub	R, F, L	Jan-Apr	57	0.70	0.79	68.75	Digestive, dysentery, emphysematous
Cassia fistula L. (CM 184)	Leguminosae	Amaltas	Tree	L, Fw, F	Mar-May	60	0.74	0.76	90.6	Boils, cathartic, antipyretic, Expectorant (Marwat, 2008MARWAT, S.K., 2008. Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 293-303.), gastric problems (Kamal et al., 2009KAMAL, M., WAZIR, S.M., HASSAN, M., SUBHAN, M., KHAN, S., MUHAMMAD, A. and TAJ, S., 2009. Ethnobotanically important plants of district Bannu, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 15, pp. 87-93.),
Chenopodium album L.(CM 53)	Amaranthaceae	Bathu	Herb	WP	Jan-Apr	49	0.60	0.73	96.8	Hemorrhoids, snake repellent (venom antidote), cardiac disorder, pepticulcer (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... ), dyspepsia (Ahmed et al., 2014AHMED, N., MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., TAHIR, S., BANO, A., MALIK, R.N., HASSAN, S. and ISHTIAQ, M., 2014. Relative importance of indigenous medicinal plants from Layyah district, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 509-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.052. PMid:24942673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.... ), helminthiasis (vermifuge) (Sahreen et al., 2013SAHREEN, S., KHAN, M.R., KHAN, R.A. and SHAH, N.A., 2013. Estimation of flavoniods, antimicrobial, antitumor and anticancer activity of Carissa opaca fruits. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-372. PMid:24373124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-3... ), seminal weakness (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... )
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (CM 105)	Compositae	Bhurbhur,Leh	Herb	R, L	Jul-Sep	64	0.79	0.88	96.8	Toothache, cardio tonic, Astringent, hepatotonic, antiphlogistic, diuretic (Rehman et al., 2015REHMAN, K., MASHWANI, Z.U., KHAN, M.A., ULLAH, Z. and CHAUDHARY, H.J., 2015. An ethno botanical perspective of traditional medicinal plants from the Khattak tribe of Chonthra Karak, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 165, pp. 251-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.035. PMid:25732837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.... )
Cirsium horridulum Michx.(CM 89)	Compositae	Baramdandi	Herb	L, R	Annual	13	0.16	0.18	46.8	General tonic, neuro tonic, blood purifier, typhoid fever, astringent, wounds, urticaria, warts, shivers, chest and throat infections
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (CM 60)	Rutaceae	Neboo	Tree	F	Aug-Nov	8	0.09	0.11	93.75	Inflammation, malaria, cardio tonic, cholera, antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal, antifungal, hyperpigmentation due to anemia (Ahmed et al., 2014AHMED, N., MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., TAHIR, S., BANO, A., MALIK, R.N., HASSAN, S. and ISHTIAQ, M., 2014. Relative importance of indigenous medicinal plants from Layyah district, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 509-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.052. PMid:24942673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.... ),
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. (CM 129)	Rutaceae	Narangi	Tree	F	Spring	16	0.19	0.21	65.62	Refrigerant, relives hallucinations, skin toner, antiemetic, carminative, abdominal cramps, diarrhea (Arias and Ramón-Laca, 2005ARIAS, B.A. and RAMÓN-LACA, L., 2005. Pharmacological properties of citrus and their ancient and medieval uses in the Mediterranean region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.019. PMid:15652281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.... )
Citrus paradisi Macfad. (CM 04)	Rutaceae	Chakotra	Tree	F	Spring	62	0.76	0.86	87.5	Cholecystitis, skin toner, carminative, abdominal pain, diarrhea, cardio tonic (Díaz‐Juárez et al., 2009DÍAZ‐JUÁREZ, J., TENORIO‐LÓPEZ, F., ZARCO‐OLVERA, G., VALLE-MONDRAGÓN, L.D., TORRES-NARVÁEZ, J.C. and PASTELÍN-HERNÁNDEZ, G., 2009. Effect of Citrus paradisi extract and juice on arterial pressure both in vitro and in vivo. Phytotherapy Research, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 948-954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2680. PMid:19153985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2680... )
Cleome viscosa L. (CM 12)	Cleomaceae	Hulhul	Herb	Sd	Throughout year	39	0.48	0.52	78.12	Tetanus, muscle relaxant, vermifuge (Williams et al., 2003WILLIAMS, L., VASQUES, E., REID, W., PORTER, R. and KRAUS, W., 2003. Biological activities of an extract from Cleome viscosa L. (Capparaceae). Naturwissenschaften, vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 468-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-003-0460-1. PMid:14564407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-003-046... )
Convolvulus arvensis L.(CM 26)	Convolvulaceae	Hirankhari	Herb	WP	Jun-Sep	54	0.66	0.73	81.25	Rashes, wounds, scabies, bloodpurifier (Marwat, 2008MARWAT, S.K., 2008. Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 293-303.)
Conyza boelckei Cabrera (CM 35)	Compositae	Namkenbooti	Herb	WP	Feb -Nov	63	0.77	0.87	87.3	Astringent, diuretic, tonic, antifungal, dermatitis
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (CM 103)	Compositae	Giddarbuti	Herb	WP	Jun-Oct	27	0.33	0.44	90.6	Insecticide, balsamic, styptic, vermifuge, bloody hemorrhoids, tonsillitis, emmanagogue, dysmenorrhea, dysentery, diarrhea (Ishtiaq et al., 2012ISHTIAQ, M., MUMTAZ, A.S., HUSSAIN, T. and GHANI, A., 2012. Medicinal plant diversity in the flora of Leepa Valley, Muzaffarabad (AJK), Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 11, pp. 3087-3098.), astringent, diuretic (Saqib et al., 2014SAQIB, Z., MAHMOOD, A., NASEEM MALIK, R., MAHMOOD, A., HUSSIAN SYED, J. and AHMAD, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 820-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.034. PMid:24286963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.... ), antirheumatic (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (CM 123)	Brassicaceae	Thandibooti, Halon	Herb	L, Sd	Jul-Sep	67	0.82	0.84	56.25	Hiccups, asthma, expectorant (Souza et al., 2004SOUZA, G.C., HAAS, A., VON POSER, G., SCHAPOVAL, E. and ELISABETSKY, E., 2004. Ethnopharmacological studies of antimicrobial remedies in the south of Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 135-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.039. PMid:14698521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.... )
Crateva religiosa G.Forst. (CM 88)	Capparaceae	Barna	Tree	L, Tw	Mid summer	8	0.09	0.11	65.6	Renal disorder, tuberculosis (Souza et al., 2004SOUZA, G.C., HAAS, A., VON POSER, G., SCHAPOVAL, E. and ELISABETSKY, E., 2004. Ethnopharmacological studies of antimicrobial remedies in the south of Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 135-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.039. PMid:14698521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.... )
Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pars. (CM 118)	Poaceae	Chhabar, Humrikbooti	Grass	R, L	Aug-Oct	27	0.33	0.38	93.8	Antiseptic, dysentery, convulsions, cough, cramps, epilepsy, headache, kidney stones, snake bite, sore,astringent, hemorrhoids, aperient (constipation), demulcent, emollient, vulnerary, hysteria, diuretic, diarrhea (Qureshi et al., 2010QURESHI, R., BHATTI, G.R. and MEMON, R.A., 2010. Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs from northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 42, pp. 839-851.), wounds (Saqib et al., 2014SAQIB, Z., MAHMOOD, A., NASEEM MALIK, R., MAHMOOD, A., HUSSIAN SYED, J. and AHMAD, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 820-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.034. PMid:24286963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.... )
Dalbergia sissoo DC. (CM 115)	Leguminosae	Shesham	Tree	L, B, T	Apr-May	12	0.14	0.16	100	Blood purifier, rashes, burns, mouth dryness, hair tonic, refrigerant, leprosy (Kamal et al., 2009KAMAL, M., WAZIR, S.M., HASSAN, M., SUBHAN, M., KHAN, S., MUHAMMAD, A. and TAJ, S., 2009. Ethnobotanically important plants of district Bannu, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 15, pp. 87-93.),
Datura stramonium L. (CM 194)	Solanaceae	Dathura	Herb	L, F	Jul-Oct	16	0.19	0.23	90.6	Neuralgia, cathartic, headache, laxative, antispasmodic (Reported in Pakistan but with other uses) (Abbasi et al., 2010ABBASI, A.M., KHAN, M., AHMAD, M., ZAFAR, M., JAHAN, S. and SULTANA, S., 2010. Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 322-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.052. PMid:20138210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.... )
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf (CM 144)	Poaceae	Daabh	Grass	L, R	Jul-Nov	21	0.25	0.33	87.3	Refrigerant, cathartic, prickly heat, hemorrhoids, boils, warts, bleeding nose (epistaxis), menorrhagia, dysentery, diuretic (Ismail and Nisar, 2010ISMAIL, S. and NISAR, M.F., 2010. Ethnomedicinal survey for important plants of district Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan. BIOL (E-Journal of Life Sciences), vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 52-58.), cholera (Qureshi et al., 2010QURESHI, R., BHATTI, G.R. and MEMON, R.A., 2010. Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs from northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 42, pp. 839-851.)
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.(CM 86)	Myrtaceae	Sufaida	Tree	WP	Jul-Aug	49	0.59	0.64	87.3	Antiseptic, antiperiodic, stimulant, expectorant, diarrhea, astringent, cough, cold (Ismail and Nisar, 2010ISMAIL, S. and NISAR, M.F., 2010. Ethnomedicinal survey for important plants of district Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan. BIOL (E-Journal of Life Sciences), vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 52-58.), sorethroats (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... )
Euphorbia helioscopia L. (CM 67)	Euphorbiaceae	Chhatridodak	Herb	Sd	May-Oct	53	0.65	0.69	90.6	Febrifuge, vermifuge, cholera (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.), anthelmintic, cathartic (Kamal et al., 2009KAMAL, M., WAZIR, S.M., HASSAN, M., SUBHAN, M., KHAN, S., MUHAMMAD, A. and TAJ, S., 2009. Ethnobotanically important plants of district Bannu, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 15, pp. 87-93.)
Fagonia arabica L.(CM 16)	Zygophyllaceae	Dhamasa	Herb	AP	Apr-Jun	47	0.58	0.65	78.1	Antipyretic, blood purifier, wounds, urticaria, expectorant, antiseptic, diuretic, expectorant, astringent, antispasmodic, antiemetic, gingivitis, cough, gastrotonic, wounds, aphrodisiac, hepatotonic, jaundice, aphthae (reported in other country) (Hammiche and Maiza, 2006HAMMICHE, V. and MAIZA, K., 2006. Traditional medicine in Central Sahara: pharmacopoeia of Tassili N’ajjer. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 105, no. 3, pp. 358-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.028. PMid:16414225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.... )
Ficus benghalensis L. (CM 37)	Moraceae	Bohar	Tree	L, Lx	Apr-Jul	58	0.71	0.86	62.5	Laxative, wounds, aphrodisiac (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... )
Ficus religiosa L.(CM 132)	Moraceae	Peppal	Tree	Sd, F, B, L, Tw	Feb	64	0.79	0.87	43.7	Boils, antiemetic ( reported internationally with other studies and uses) (Singh et al., 2011SINGH, D., SINGH, B. and GOEL, R.K., 2011. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 565-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.046. PMid:21296646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.... )
Fumaria officinalis L.(CM 156)	Papaveraceae	Patpapra	Herb	WP	May-Sep	71	0.87	0.89	84.4	Blood purifier, urinary bladder problem, typhoid fever, warts, urticaria, hepatotonic, neurological disorders, stomach disorders, antipyretic (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake. (CM 98)	Compositae	Roendarpodina	Herb	WP	Mar-May	66	0.81	0.89	78.1	Leucorrhea, jaundice, kidney problems, dysentery, urinogenital problems, toothache (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.), anticancer and internal wounds (Qureshi et al., 2009QURESHI, R.A., GHUFRAN, M.A., GILANI, S.A., YOUSAF, Z., ABBAS, G. and BATOOL, A., 2009. Indigenous medicinal plants used by local women in southern Himalayan regions of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 41, pp. 19-25.)
Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss. (CM 175)	Malvaceae	Karnjwa	Shrub	WP	Mar-May	73	0.90	0.96	96.8	Colic, abdominal cramps, carminative, shivers, convulsions, tetanus, anthelmintic, boils, warts (Joshi et al., 1980JOSHI, M., PATEL, M. and MEHTA, P., 1980. Some folk medicines of Dangs, Gujarat state. Bulletin of Medico Ethno Botanical Research, vol. 1, pp. 8-14.)
Helianthus annuus L.(CM 25)	Compositae	Surajmukhi	Shrub	F, L	Jul-Sep	68	0.83	0.86	81.2	Bronchial and lyrrengial problems, migraine, asthma, chronic obstructive disease, expectorant, seasonal fever, diuretic (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... ), hypertension (Ahmed et al., 2014AHMED, N., MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., TAHIR, S., BANO, A., MALIK, R.N., HASSAN, S. and ISHTIAQ, M., 2014. Relative importance of indigenous medicinal plants from Layyah district, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 509-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.052. PMid:24942673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.... )
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.(CM 181)	Malvaceae	Gharal	Shrub	F	Throughout year	63	0.77	1.08	93.8	Refrigerant, blood purifier, hallucination, cardio tonic (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... )
Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (CM 172)	Crassulaceae	Pathar-chatta	Herb	L	Jun-Sep	54	0.66	0.75	93.8	Purgative, kidney stones, jaundice, cholelithiasis (gall stones), urinary bladder stone, arthritis, inflammation (Pattewar, 2012PATTEWAR, S.V., 2012. Kalanchoe pinnata: phytochemical and pharmacological profile. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 3, pp. 993.)
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke (CM 166)	Malvaceae	Jhar, pathakha	Herb	AP	Sep-Oct	59	0.83	0.79	81.2	Inflammation, analgesic, wounds, dysentery (Shah et al., 2013SHAH, A., MARWAT, S.K., GOHAR, F., KHAN, A., BHATTI, K.H., AMIN, M., DIN, N.U., AHMAD, M. and ZAFAR, M., 2013. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of semi-tribal area of Makerwal & Gulla Khel (lying between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Provinces), Pakistan. American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 4, no. 01, pp. 98-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.41015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.4101... ), diaphoretic, sores (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Mangifera indica L.(CM 191)	Anacardiaceae	Aam	Tree	F	Dec-Apr	62	0.76	0.83	87.3	Stomach problem, diarrhea, kidney problem, urinary bladder problem, intestinal problem (Ahmed et al., 2014AHMED, N., MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., TAHIR, S., BANO, A., MALIK, R.N., HASSAN, S. and ISHTIAQ, M., 2014. Relative importance of indigenous medicinal plants from Layyah district, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 509-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.052. PMid:24942673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.... )
Melia azedarach L.(CM 77)	Meliaceae	Bakain	Tree	L, F	Jun	58	0.71	0.78	93.8	Typhoid, old dry wounds, hemorrhoids, analgesic, blood purifier (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... )
Mentha arvensis L.(CM 15)	Lamiaceae	Podina	Herb	L	Jul-Sep	8	0.09	0.10	100	Abdominal cramps, mouth freshener, appetizer, dyspepsia, cholera, weight loss, dysmenorrheal, heart burn, carminative (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... )
Mimusops elengi L.(CM 133)	Sapotaceae	Molseri	Tree	B, F	Mar-Jul	17	0.20	0.22	93.8	Desiccant, headache, cardio tonic, laxative, gingivitis (Baliga et al., 2011BALIGA, M.S., PAI, R.J., BHAT, H.P., PALATTY, P.L. and BOLOOR, R., 2011. Chemistry and medicinal properties of the Bakul (Mimusops elengi Linn): a review. Food Research International, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 1823-1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011... )
Morus nigra L.(CM 100)	Moraceae	Shehtoot	Tree	L,R	May-Jun	12	0.14	0.15	96.8	Laxative, hypotensive, warts, mouth dryness, refrigerant, blisters, diphtheretis, hoarsen (throat pain) (Saqib et al., 2014SAQIB, Z., MAHMOOD, A., NASEEM MALIK, R., MAHMOOD, A., HUSSIAN SYED, J. and AHMAD, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 820-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.034. PMid:24286963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.... )
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.(CM 22)	Oleaceae	Harsinghar	Shrub	L, S, Fw	Jun-Oct	26	0.32	0.35	100	Analgesic, laxative, sciatica, aphrodisiac, cathartic, arthritis, typhoid fever (Saxena et al., 1987SAXENA, R., GUPTA, B., SAXENA, K., SRIVASTAVA, V. and PRASAD, D., 1987. Analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic activity of Nyctanthes arbor tristis leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 193-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90041-9. PMid:3497308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)9... )
Oxalis corniculata L. (CM 149)	Oxalidaceae	Khatibooti	Herb	L	Jun-Sep	32	0.39	0.43	87.3	Analgesic, antiemetic, refrigerant (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.), stomachic (Saqib et al., 2014SAQIB, Z., MAHMOOD, A., NASEEM MALIK, R., MAHMOOD, A., HUSSIAN SYED, J. and AHMAD, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 820-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.034. PMid:24286963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.... )
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (CM 80)	Compositae	Gajarbooti	Herb	L	Annual	68	0.83	0.91	100	Regulate menstruation, muscular weakness, backache, warmify liver (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Peganum harmala L.(CM 180)	Zygophyllaceae	Harmal	Herb	L, R	Mar-Apr	39	0.48	0.54	93.75	Digestive, diuretic, uterine stimulant, menstrual problems, epilepsy, mental and nervous illness, vermifuge, hemorrhoids, baldness, rheumatism, anti-parasitic, aphrodisiac (Abu-Irmaileh and Afifi, 2003ABU-IRMAILEH, B.E. and AFIFI, F.U., 2003. Herbal medicine in Jordan with special emphasis on commonly used herbs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 89, no. 2-3, pp. 193-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00283-6. PMid:14611882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)... )
Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud (CM 92)	Arecaceae	Kanair	Tree	L, Rt	Summer	40	0.49	0.56	81.2	Anti-inflammatory, hemorrhoids, wound dryness, heals wounds, blood purifier, aphrodisiac
Phoenix dactylifera L.(CM 34)	Arecaceae	Khajur	Tree	Frt	Apr,May	55	0.67	0.82	84.4	Respiratory disorder, gestrointestinal disturbances, antipyretic, antidiarrhoeal, hepatotonic, antitussive, arthritis, carminative, antacid, general tonic backache (Llah et al., 2014LLAH, S., RASHID KHAN, M., ALI SHAH, N., AFZAL SHAH, S., MAJID, M. and ASAD FAROOQ, M., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 158, no. Pt A, pp. 412-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.048. PMid:25448507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.... ), aphrodisiac (Kamal et al., 2009KAMAL, M., WAZIR, S.M., HASSAN, M., SUBHAN, M., KHAN, S., MUHAMMAD, A. and TAJ, S., 2009. Ethnobotanically important plants of district Bannu, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 15, pp. 87-93.; Zahoor et al., 2009ZAHOOR, M., WAZIR, S., MOHAMMAD, A. and MOHAMMAD, S., 2009. Ethnobotany of some plants from Darra’e Pezo, District Lakki Marwat, Pakistan. Pak J Pl Sci., vol. 15, pp. 75-80.)
Phyllanthus emblica L. (CM 150)	Euphorbiaceae	Amala	Tree	Brk, L	Apr-May	63	0.77	0.87	93.8	Hair tonic, blood purifier, laxative, antidote, antiflatulent, antiemetic, mouth dryness, hemorrhoids, appetizer, neuro tonic, antidiarrhoeal (Krishnaveni and Mirunalini, 2010KRISHNAVENI, M. and MIRUNALINI, S., 2010. Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): the ayurvedic wonder. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 93-105. PMid:20506691.)
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr(CM 189)	Leguminosae	Sukh chain	Tree	Sd, L, F, Fw	Mar-Apr	7	0.08	0.08	62.5	Apthae, skin disease, antisepsis (Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu (2005)AYYANAR, M. and IGNACIMUTHU, S., 2005. Traditional knowledge of kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 246-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.020. PMid:16054791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06....
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (CM 120)	Leguminosae	Jand, Jhao	Tree	Fw, B	Apr-Aug	14	0.17	0.18	90.6	Scorpion sting, snake bite, cough, cold, Rheumatism (Shah et al., 2013SHAH, A., MARWAT, S.K., GOHAR, F., KHAN, A., BHATTI, K.H., AMIN, M., DIN, N.U., AHMAD, M. and ZAFAR, M., 2013. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of semi-tribal area of Makerwal & Gulla Khel (lying between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Provinces), Pakistan. American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 4, no. 01, pp. 98-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.41015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.4101... ), asthma (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Psidium guajava L. (CM 14)	Myrtaceae	Amrood	Tree	B, Fw, Sd	Spring	76	0.93	0.61	87.3	Hemorrhoids, flu, Dysentery, laxative (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... )
Punica granatum L. (CM 32)	Lythraceae	Anar	Tree	F	Apr-Jul	68	0.83	0.86	90.6	Antitussive, antiseptic, antibacterial, tuberculosis, refrigerant, dyspepsia, heart burn, strengthens teeth and gums, gingivitis, hepatitis, jaundice, hemorrhoids, cardio tonic (Ahmed et al., 2014AHMED, N., MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., TAHIR, S., BANO, A., MALIK, R.N., HASSAN, S. and ISHTIAQ, M., 2014. Relative importance of indigenous medicinal plants from Layyah district, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 509-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.052. PMid:24942673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.... ), antipyretic (Mahmood et al., 2013MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 714-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.035. PMid:23707336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.... )
Ranunculus muricatus L.(CM 40)	Ranunculaceae	Sadabahar	Herb	WP	Feb- May	65	0.80	0.82	90.6	Bronchial and laryngeal problems, urticaria, mouth ulcer, diabetes,eye irritations and infections, cold, gingivitis, hypertension (Ahmed et al., 2014AHMED, N., MAHMOOD, A., MAHMOOD, A., TAHIR, S., BANO, A., MALIK, R.N., HASSAN, S. and ISHTIAQ, M., 2014. Relative importance of indigenous medicinal plants from Layyah district, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 509-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.052. PMid:24942673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.... )
Rosa indica L. (CM 177)	Rosaceae	Gulab	Shrub	B, Fw, L	Apr-Oct	62	0.76	0.79	90.6	Throat infection, liver tonic,, dysentery, anti-flatulent,, laxative, throat infection, cardio tonic, conjunctivitis (Hussain et al., 2010HUSSAIN, K., NISAR, M.F., MAJEED, A., NAWAZ, K. and BHATTI, K.H., 2010. Ethnomedicinal survey for important plants of Jalalpur Jattan, district Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, vol. 2010, pp. 11.)
Rumex crispus L. (CM 09)	Polygonaceae	Palakbooti	Herb	L, Sd, Rt	Jun-Oct	58	0.71	0.72	81.2	Astringent, sores, ulcer, cholagogue, depurative, hemoptysis, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, wounds, cough, Laxative (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Saccharum spontaneum L. (CM 45)	Poaceae	Kansi	Grass	WP	Sept-Jan	62	0.76	0.78	100	Astringent, emollient, diuretic, aphrodisiac, dyspepsia, piles, gynecological troubles, respiratory problems, refrigerant, heart burn, purgative (Hussain et al., 2008HUSSAIN, K., SHAHAZAD, A. and ZIA-UL-HUSSNAIN, S., 2008. An ethnobotanical survey of important wild medicinal plants of Hattar district Haripur, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, vol. 12, pp. 29-35.)
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (CM 43)	Sapindaceae	Retha	Tree	Sd	Jul-Aug	58	0.71	0.73	46.9	Astringent, sores, ulcer, cholagogue, depurative, hemoptysis, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, wounds, cough (Chakraborty et al., 2010CHAKRABORTY, A., AMUDHA, P., GEETHA, M. and SINGH, N., 2010. Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of methanolic extract of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. in mice. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. PS51ref.23.)
Sesamum indicum L.(CM 55)	Pedaliaceae	Til, Kanjnd	Herb	Sd, R	Jul-Sep	62	0.76	0.78	96.8	Aphrodisiac, emollient, diuretic, catarrh, bladder problems, astringent, hemorrhoids, dysentery, cholera, dirrhoea, ulcer, liver and kidney tonic, amenorrhea (Parveen et al., 2007PARVEEN, UPADHYAY, B., ROY, S. and KUMAR, A., 2007. Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the rural communities of Churu district in the Thar Desert, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 387-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.010. PMid:17714898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.... )
Sisymbrium irio L. (CM 57)	Brassicaceae	Khubkalon, Saggbooti	Herb	WP	Jun-Aug	64	0.79	0.82	96.8	Whooping cough, soother, measles, small pox, antiemetic, antipyretic (Marwat, 2008MARWAT, S.K., 2008. Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 293-303.),
Solanum melongena L. (CM 63)	Solanaceae	Katai	Herb	R, L	Jul-Sep	74	0.91	0.92	93.8	Hypertension, hemorrhoids, antidote, astringent, abscess, hemorrhoids, toothache, urticaria, expectorant, asthma, anti-cholesterol (Lans, 2006LANS, C.A., 2006. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-45. PMid:17040567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-45... )
Sonchus arvensis L. (CM 79)	Compositae	Bhangra	Herb	R, L	Jul-Oct	63	0.77	0.85	62.5	Aphrodisiac, scorpion sting, hair tonic, toothache, strengthens eye sight, hepatotonic, skin disease
Sonchus oleraceus L. (CM 96)	Compositae	Sadi	Herb	Lx, S, G, L, R	Jun-Aug	55	0.67	0.69	90.6	Amenorrhea, emmanagague, hydrogague, cathartic, hepatotonic, colic, tenesmus, antinflammatory, warts (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (CM 135)	Caryophyllaceae	Kafilumba	Herb	WP	Apr-Aug	63	0.77	0.85	90.6	Urticaria, antiemetic, expectorant, astringent, carminative, demulcent, refrigerant, vulnerary, kidney problem, laxative (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (CM 140)	Myrtaceae	Jaman	Tree	F	Mar-Apr	58	0.81	0.79	96.8	Hepatotonic, antidiarrhoeal, diabetes (Ismail and Nisar, 2010ISMAIL, S. and NISAR, M.F., 2010. Ethnomedicinal survey for important plants of district Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan. BIOL (E-Journal of Life Sciences), vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 52-58.)
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. (CM 160)	Compositae	Bhattar, Kasnijangli	Herb	L, R, Lx	Apr-May	63	0.77	0.80	87.3	Cholagogue, depurative, gall stone, eczema, acne, stomachic, laxatives (Ullah et al., 2013ULLAH, M., KHAN, M.U., MAHMOOD, A., MALIK, R.N., HUSSAIN, M., WAZIR, S.M., DAUD, M. and SHINWARI, Z.K., 2013. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Wana district south Waziristan agency, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 918-924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.032. PMid:24120747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.... ), diuretic (Mahmood et al., 2011bMAHMOOD, A., RIFFAT, N., ZABTA, K. and AQEEL, M., 2011b. Ethnobotanical survey of plants from Neelum, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 43, pp. 10.), jaundice (Saqib et al., 2014SAQIB, Z., MAHMOOD, A., NASEEM MALIK, R., MAHMOOD, A., HUSSIAN SYED, J. and AHMAD, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 820-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.034. PMid:24286963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.... ), dyspepsia (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. (CM 199)	Combretaceae	Arjan	Tree	B, L	Apr-Jul	64	0.79	0.80	81.2	Ear ache, analgesic, cardio-tonic, laxative (Dwivedi, 2007DWIVEDI, S., 2007. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn.: a useful drug for cardiovascular disorders. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 114-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.003. PMid:17875376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.... ).
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) Wight & Arn. (CM 125)	Rhamnaceae	Desibaer	Tree	F, L, Rt	Jul-Sep	63	0.77	0.79	84.14	Antidiarrhoeal, antiemetic, hemorrhoids, hair tonic, wounds, blood purifier (Ahmad et al., 2014bAHMAD, S.S., ERUM, S., KHAN, S.M., NAWAZ, M. and WAHID, A., 2014b. Exploring the medicinal plants wealth: a traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 20, pp. 1772-1779.)

Category	Important plants	Fl %	Fic	Number of new species	Name of species
Cardiovascular	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	29.54%	0.84	6	Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	29.54%			Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
	Syzygium cumini	22.72%			Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck
	(L.) Skeels Cirsium arvense (L.)	18.18%			Morus nigra
	Scop. Mimusops elengi L.	15.90%			Phoenix dactyliferaL.
	Citrus paradisi Macfad.	15.90%			Solanum melongena L.
	Citrus paradisi Macfad.	15.90%
Dermatological	Convolvulus arvensis L.	59.09%	0.87	32	Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
	Azadirachta indica A.Juss	52.27%			Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.
	Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.	45.54%			Anagallis arvensis L
	Dalbergia sissoo DC.	31.81%			Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
	Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr.	31.81%			Cassia fistula L.
					Cirsium horridulum Michx.
					Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.
					Citrus paradisi Macfad.
					Convolvulus arvensis L.
					Conyza boelckei Cabrera
					Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pars.
					Dalbergia sissoo DC.
					Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf
					Fagonia arabica L.
					Ficus benghalensis L.
					Ficus religiosa L.
					Fumaria officinalis L.
					Melia azedarach L.
					Morus nigra L.
					Peganum harmala L.
					Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud Ranunculus muricatus L
					Rumex crispus L.
					Saccharum spontaneum L.
					Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn,
					Sesamum indicum L.
					Sisymbrium irio L.
					Solanum melongena L.
					Sonchus arvensis L.
					Stellaria media (L.)
					Vill.
					Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.
					Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) Wight & Arn.
Respiratory	Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.	61.36%	0.85	26	Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC
	Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce	38.6%			Aerva javanica (Burm.f.)
	Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	25%			Juss. ex Schult
	Helianthus annuus L.	25%			Anagallis arvensis L.
	Achyranthes aspera L.	22.72%			Cannabis sativa L.
					Carissa carandas L.
					Cirsium horridulum Michx.
					Conyza canadensis (L.)
					Cronquist
					Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
					Crateva religiosa G.Forst.
					Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars.
					Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf
					Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
					Fagonia arabica L.
					Helianthus annuus L.
					Morus nigra L.Phoenix dactylifera L.
					Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce
					Psidium guajava L.
					Punica granatum L.
					Ranunculus muricatus L.
					Rosa indica L.
					Rumex crispus L
					Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Sisymbrium irio L.
					Solanum melongena L.
					Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Ophthalmological	Abutilon theophrasti Medik.	11.36%	0.84	3	Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
	Sonchus arvensis L.	9.09%			Ranunculus muricatus L
	Rosa indica L.	9.09%			Sonchus arvensis L.
	Ranunculus muricatus L.	4.5%
Dental disorders	Mimusops elengi L.	18.18%	0.76	7	Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.)
	Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile	18.18%			Blake. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
	Punica granatum L.	9.09%			Fagonia arabica L.
	Ranunculus muricatus L.	9.09%			Punica granatum L.
	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.	9.09%			Ranunculus muricatus L
					Solanum melongena L.
					Sonchus arvensis L.
Andrological/Gynecological	Peganum harmala L.	20.45%	0.82	12	Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.)
	Sonchus oleraceus L.	18.18%			Blake. Conyza canadensis (L.)Cronquist
	Saccharum spontaneum L.	18.18%			Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pars.
	Conyza canadensis(L.)	15.90%			Fagonia arabica L.
	Cronquist Parthenium hysterophorus L.	13.63%			Mentha arvensis L.
	Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake.	13.63%			Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.
					Parthenium hysterophorus L.
					Peganum harmala L.
					Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud
					Saccharum spontaneum L.
					Sesamum indicum L.
					Sonchus arvensis L.
					Sonchus oleraceus L.
Renal and Urological disorders	Crateva religiosa G.Forst.	29.54%	0.77	15	Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.)
	Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lam.) Pers.	29.54%			Blake.
	Conyza boelckei Cabrera	20.45%			Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.
	Mangifera indica L.	18.18%			Crateva religiosa G.Forst.
	Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake.	18.18%			Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pars.
					Fagonia arabica L.
					Fumaria officinalis L.
					Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
					Mangifera indica L.
					Parthenium hysterophorus L.
					Peganum harmala L.
					Saccharum spontaneum L.
					Sesamum indicum L.
					Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Skeleton-muscular disorders	Cleome viscosa L.	38.63%	0.84	7	Cannabis sativa L.
	Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss.	27.27%			Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.
	Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.	18.18			Cleome viscosa L.
	Prosopis cineraria (L.)	15.90%			Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars.
	Druce Parthenium hysterophorus L.	13.63%			Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss.
					Parthenium hysterophorus L.
					Phoenix dactylifera L.
Gastrointestinal	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	68.18%	0.91	51	Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
	Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.	59.09%			Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult
	Carissa carandas L.	54.54%			Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
	Mentha arvensis L.	54.5%			Anagallis arvensis L
	Datura stramonium L.	47.73%			Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
					Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake.
					Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.
					Cannabis sativa L.
					Carissa carandas L.
					Cassia fistula L.
					Chenopodium album L.
					Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck
					Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.
					Citrus paradisi Macfad.
					Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist
					Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars.
					Datura stramonium L.
					Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf
					Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
					Fagonia arabica L.
					Ficus benghalensis L.
					Ficus religiosa L.
					Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss.
					Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
					Mangifera indica L.
					Melia azedarach L.
					Mentha arvensis L.
					Mimusops elengi L.
					Morus nigra L.
					Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.
					Oxalis corniculata L.
					Parthenium hysterophorus L.
					Peganum harmala L.
					Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud
					Phoenix dactylifera L.
					Phyllanthus emblica L.
					Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr.
					Psidium guajava L.
					Punica granatum L.
					Rosa indica L.
					Rumex crispus L
					Saccharum spontaneum L.
					Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn
					Sesamum indicum L.
					Sisymbrium irio L.
					Sonchus arvensis L.
					Sonchus oleraceus L.
					Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
					Taraxacum officinaleF.H.Wigg.
					Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
					Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) Wight & Arn.
liver disorders	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.	15.9%	0.75	10	Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake. Fagonia arabica L.
	Parthenium hyteophorousi L.	11.30%			Fumaria officinalis L.
	Rosa indica L.	9.09%			Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
	Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lam.) Pers.	9.09%			Punica granatum L.
	Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.	9.09%			Rosa indica L.
					Sesamum indicum L.
					Sonchus arvensis L.
					Sonchus oleraceus L.
					Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Fever	Fumaria officinalisi L.	20.45% 18.18% 18.18% 11.36% 11.36%	0.8	9	Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult
	Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC				Cassia fistula L.
	Melia azadirach L.				Cirsium horridulum Michx.
	Azadirachta indica A.Juss.				Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck
	Eucalyptus gubulus Labill.				Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
					Euphorbia helioscopia L.
					Fagonia arabica L.
					Melia azedarach L.
					Phoenix dactylifera L.
Inflammation	Sisynbrium irio L.	11.36%	0.77	6	Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex
	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.	11.36%			Schult Capparis decidua (Forssk.)
	Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke	11.36%			Edgew.
	Dalbergia sissoo DC.	9.09%			Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck
	Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck	9.09%			Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke
					Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud Sisymbrium irio L.
CNS / neurological	Peganum harmala L.	27.27%	0.83	11	Anagallis arvensis L.Cirsium horridulum Michx.Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars. Datura stramonium L. Fumaria officinalis L.Helianthus annuus L Hibiscus rosa-sinensis LNyctanthes arbor-tristis L.Peganum harmala L. Phyllanthus emblica L.
	Sapindus mucoross Gaertn.	20.4%
	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	18.18%
	Nyctanthes arbor tristis L.	15.90%
	Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.	11.3%
Physical pain	Terminalia arjuna ( Roxb. ex DC. ) Wight & Arn.Nyctanthes arbor tristis L.	25%	0.8	11	Azadirachta indica A.Juss.Cirsium horridulum Michx.Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pars. Datura stramonium L.Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Melia azedarach L.Mimusops elengi L.Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.Oxalis corniculata L. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
	Cassia fistula L.	22.71%
	Oxalis cornicultala L .	20.45%
	Melia azadirach L.	15.90%
		15.90%
Poisoning	Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce	27.27%	0.8	5	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars.
	Phylanthus emblica L.	9.09%			Phyllanthus emblica L.
	Sonchus arvensis L.	9%			Prosopis cineraria (L.)
	Chenopodium album L.	6.81%			DruceSolanum melongena L.
	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars.	2.27%			Sonchus arvensis L.
Cirulatory	Convolvulus arvensis L.	18.18%	0.77	22	Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile
	Conyza canadensis (L.)	18.18%			Achyranthes aspera L
	CronquistMelia azadirach L.	15.90%			Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.
	Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud	15.90%			Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.
	Conyza boelckei Cabrera	15.90%			Cirsium horridulum Michx.
					Conyza boelckei Cabrera
					Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist
					Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars.
					Dalbergia sissoo DC.
					Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
					Fagonia arabica L.
					Fumaria officinalis L.
					Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L
					Phoenix canariensis hort. ex
					Chabaud Phyllanthus emblica L.
					Rumex crispus L
					Saccharum spontaneum L.
					Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn
					Sesamum indicum L.Solanum melongena L.
					Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
					Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.
Others	Dalbergiasissoo DC.	22.73%	0.78	25	Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f (tonic)
	Eucalyptus globules Labill.	20.45%			Anagallis arvensis L.(stimulant)
	Conyzaboelckei Cabrera	18.18%			Azadirachta indica A.Juss.(mouth dryness)
	Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC	18.18%			Capparis decidua (Forssk.)
	Phyllanthusemblica L.	15.91%			Edgew. (memory supplement)
					Cirsium horridulum Michx.(shiver)
					Citrus maxima (Burm.)
					Merr. (refrigerant)
					Conyza boelckei Cabrera (tonic)
					Conyza canadensis (L.)
					Cronquist (insecticide, balsamic)
					Cynodon dactylon (L.)
					Pars (antiseptic).
					Dalbergia sissoo DC. (refrigerant, hair tonic, mouth dryness)
					Desmostachya bipinnata (L.)
					Stapf (refrigerat, prickly heat)
					Eucalyptus globulus Labill.(antiseptic, stimulant)
					Fagonia arabica L.( antiseptic)
					Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss. (shivers)
					Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L(refrigerant)
					Mentha arvensis L. (mouth freshner, weight loss)
					Morus nigra L.(refrigerant, mouth dtyness)
					Peganum harmala L.(antiparasitic)
					Phyllanthus emblica L. (hair tonic, mouth dryness)
					Punica granatum L.(antiseptic,antibacterial, refrigerant)
					Ranunculus muricatus L.(mouth ulcer),(diabetes)
					Sonchus arvensis L (hair tonic).
					Sonchus oleraceus L. (hydrogague)
					Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (refrigerant)
					Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) Wight & Arn. (hair tonic)

Plant name	Method	Route of Adminsitration	Recipes
Abutilon theophrasti Medik.	Decoction, powder	Oral, topical	A tea made from the dried leaves is used in the treatment of dysentery and fevers. A poultice of the leaves is applied to ulcers. A tea made from the dried root is used in the treatment of dysentery and urinary incontinence. The seed is powdered and eaten in the treatment of dysentery, stomach-aches etc.
Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC	Tonic	Topical	1.5 Oz of the fruit is boiled in 625 ml of water and used as hair tonic.
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile	Extract, powder	Gargles, oral	Bark is boiled with water and its extract is used in toothache. Its powder along with cumin and pomegranate is given in pregnancy. Powder of its tannins is used leucorrhea premature ejaculation and hemorrhages.
Achyranthes aspera L	Decoction, paste, ashes	Oral	Roots, leaves and twigs of the plant boil in water and used in colic, cough, asthma, piles and warts. Whole plant is dried and burnt to ashes; this ash is mixed with dromedary milk and is used in dropsy and productive cough.
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.	Paste, juice, decoction	Topical, oral	A paste of the root, mixed with the bark of Schinus wallichii, is applied to set dislocated bones. Leaves are dried and applied as a powder to cuts, sores and the ruptures caused by leprosy. A paste made of the leaves mixed with equal amounts of Bidens pilosa, Drymaria cordata, Galinsoga parviflora and the rhizome of Zingiber officinale is used to treat snakebites. The juice of the flower heads is used externally to treat scabies, whilst a paste of them is used to treat rheumatism. A tea made from the flower heads mixed with Ocimum tenuifolium is used to treat coughs and colds.
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.	Soother	Topical,optical	Fruit is cut into 2 pieces and sprinkled with Circumalonga powder and roasted for some time. This recipe is very effective unction and heals wounds. Latex of Aloe vera is mixed with Cuminum cyminuni linn. and potash alum, tied in a clean cloth and placed repeatedly on eyes to cure watery eyes in allergic rhinitis.
Azadirachta indica A.Juss.	Steam, decoction, powder	Nasal, topical	Leaves of the plant are boiled in water and stem is used to cure otitis and its decoction is used to wounds. Twigs of the plant along with black pepper are powdered in water and given orally to cure pruritus.
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.	Bandage, steam	Nasal	Plant is boiled in cow milk and its steam is used to cure inflammation and pain in piles then plant material separated from milk and tied on piles.
Cannabis sativa L.	Paste, ashes	Topical	Its woods are burnt to ashes, mixed with Brassica campestris oil and used in warts. Its woods are burnt to ashes, mixed with ghee and used orally for backache and joint pain.
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.	Decoction, paste	Oral, otic	Decoction made from the leaves is used in intermittent fever, diarrhea, oral inflammation and earache. A paste of the pounded roots serves as a fly repellent.
Carissa carandas L.	Decoction,	Gargles, oral	Gargles of plant Fruits boiled in milk are useful in throat infection and diphtheritis. Decoction of its fruit along with Saffron and Rosa indica is used in sterility and expulsion of chorion.
Chenopodium album L.	Decoction, paste	Oral	A decoction of the roots is used to treat worms in children. A paste of the roots, combined with an equal quantity of the root paste of Amaranthus spinosus, is used in the treatment of indigestion.
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.	Decoction	Oral	A tea made from the leaves of the plant is used as neuro tonic and has astringent effect.
Cirsium horridulum Michx.	Juice	Oral	Lemon fruit is applied with salt and Piper nigrum and suck to cure malaria. 1 Oz lemon juice + 1 Oz onion juice is mixed with 1 gm camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) to cure severe cholera.
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck	Paste	Topical	Peel of its fruit is dried, powdered and paste of this powder removes black spots and wrinkles from face.
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.	Paste	Topical	Its peel is powdered and used to glow skin.
Citrus paradisi Macfad.	Syrup	Topical, oral	Leaves of Clatropis procera are washed with Brassica campestris oil and used as relief of pain of joints. Roots of plant are roasted till ashes then dissolve in water and repeatedly shaken for few hours and water is lixiviated in a frying pan till all the water is evaporated and salt is left behind. This salt is used with betel leaf as antitussive.
Cleome viscosa L.	Paste, powder	Topical, oral	Seeds of the plants are mixed with sugar and used as vermifuge. Seeds are mixed with vinegar and ground to make paste, which is applied to comfort sprain.
Convolvulus arvensisL.	Paste, powder	Oral, topical	Its powder itself or along with black pepper is used orally to cure eczema, pruritus or rashes and its paste is used to diminish worms and warts.
Conyza Canadensis (L.) Cronquist	Decoction	Oral	A tea of the boiled roots is used to treat menstrual irregularities.
Crateva religiosa G.Forst.	Decoction, bandage	Oral, topical	Decoction of the cortex or twigs is added with brown sugar and is given in gall and kidney stone. Leaves and cortex are boiled in water and used as bandage to remove warts. 2 Oz of fresh leaves are boiled in ½ liter water until it evaporates to half quarter, then 10 Oz of goat milk along with brown sugar is added and given t.i.d to cure tuberculosis.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars.	Decoction, juice	Oral, topical	A decoction of the root is used as a diuretic in the treatment of dropsy and secondary syphilis. An infusion of the root is used to stop bleeding from piles. The juice of the plant is astringent and is applied externally to fresh cuts and wounds. When mixed with the powder of a clove (Syzygium aromaticum), it is used as an anthelmintic.
Dalbergia sissoo DC.	Powder	Topical, oral	Its wood is powdered and syrup is made to cure pruritus. Fresh twigs of the plant is mixed with 1 Oz of black pepper, ground in water and filtered which is used in mania.
Datura stramonium L	Juice	Topical	The juice of the fruit is applied to the scalp to treat dandruff.
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf	Paste	Topical	Its paste is applied on forehead to stop epistaxis. It is crushed along with rice and Circumalonga in jasminum oil and applied as paste to treat small pox.
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Steam, ointment	Nasal, topical	4 drops Eastern hemlock oil, 2 drops eucalyptus oil, 2 drops peppermint oil and 4 drops chamomile oil. Add to steaming water and inhale several times daily, or add to 1/2 Oz unscented balm and rub on chest as needed to relieve blocked nose and wheezy chest.
Euphorbia helioscopia L.	Powder	Oral	The seeds, mixed with roasted pepper, have been used in the treatment of cholera.
Ficus benghalensis L.	Bandage	Topical	Bandage of fresh latex is used to resolve worms and warts. Leaves are burned and sprinkled to cure worms. Latex and clads of the plant are used as aphrodisiac and in premature ejaculation in different combinations.
Ficus religiosa L.	Water, ashes	Oral	Pale fallen leaves of the plant are boiled in water and given in vomit and nausea. Juice of the plant along with candied is used in oliguria. Wood is burnt to ashes and ground along with opium and is given in chronic dysentery. Its fruit is dried, powdered and given orally with water to cure asthma.
Fumaria officinalis L.	Decoction	Oral	Its decoction is used to cure many blood diseases either alone or in combination with other herbal medicines.
Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake.	Juice, powder	Otic, oral	A juice or powder of the whole plant is used to treat urinary troubles. The juice of the leaves is used as drops to relieve earaches. The root juice is used to treat coughs and colds, hemorrhoids, asthma and urinary problems.
Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss.	Juice	Otic, oral	Yellow leaves of the plant are warmed and its juice is extracted which is used to cure ear ach and ear discharge. Its shrub is crushed in water and mixed with stone sugar to cure urinary problems. Leaf juice is mixed with Pipernigrum powder and given for few days to treat piles and hemorrhoids.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.(CM 181)	Powder	Oral	5 seeds of Piper nigrum are crushed to powder along with leaves or seed of Helianthus annus and 1 gram is given t.i.d to cure persistent fevers.
Melia azedarach L.	Tonic, decoction,	Topical	Its fruit is boiled in water and this water is used as hair tonic and anti-lice. To relieve pain steam of decoction of its leaves is used or its boiled leaves are tightened at the place of pain.
Mentha arvensis L.	Decoction	Oral	Decoction of its leaves is given in menstrual disorders and its water is used to cure cholera.
Morus nigra L.	Decoction	Gargles	Gargles of the decoction of its roots and leaves are used in sore throat and pharyngitis.
Oxalis corniculata L.	Soother	Topical	Its leaves are rubbed on the skin to cure scorpion stings.
Peganum harmala L.	Decoction	Oral	A decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of rheumatism.
Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud	Extract, powder	Oral	Roots of the plant are boiled in milk and butter is obtained from that milk which is used as effective aphrodisiac recipe. Its leaves are crushed and used with yogurt or cream to cure hemorrhoids.
Phyllanthus emblica L.	Decoction	Oral	Its decoction is used as hair tonic. Leaves of the plant along with Trigonella foenum-graecum are used in chronic dysentery and its bark is used constipation.
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr.	Bandage, decoction	Topical, oral	Paste of its clads is used as bandage for curing nodes of hemorrhoids. Equal quantity of fruits and leaves is boiled in water and this decoction is used to remove gas trouble. Flowers of plant are used in diabetes.
Psidium guajava L.	Decoction, powder	Gargles, topical	Decoction of its bark is useful in gingivitis. Paste of its flowers is used in uveitis. Powder of its seeds is used as vermifuge.
Punica granatum L.	Syrup	Oral	5 Oz of bark of its root is boiled in 1/2 liter water, when water remains quarter liter then it is filtered and preserved, 5 Oz of this water is given empty stomach every 2 hours till 12 hours which expels tapeworm out of the body. 2, 3 grams of its petal's powder is used in cough and fever and is also effective in tooth ache and gingivitis. Its water is mixed with sugar and used to cure jaundice. Its juice is boiled till it attains thickness and used to strengthen eyesight.
Ranunculus muricatus L	Paste	Topical	Paste of its leaves is used to cure and dry wounds.
Rosa indica L.	Water	Gargles, optical	Gargles of its decoction are used in throat infection. Its water along with antimony is used in eye diseases. Water of Rosa indica is used in many recipes that are used as cardio tonic, hepatotonic, gastro tonic and dysentery etc.
Rumex crispus L.	Suspension	Oral	The infusion administered in wineglassful doses is made by pouring 1 pint of boiling water on 1 Oz of the powdered root which is useful as antitussive. A useful homoeopathic tincture is made from the plant before it flowers, which is of particular service to an irritable tickling cough of the upper air-tubes and the throat and good to cure urticaria.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.	Steam	Nasal, gargles	Its seeds are grinded in water and inhaled to start sneezing which helps to get rid of migraine. Powder of its seeds is mixed in water and gargles of this mixture are used to cure diphtheritis.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.	,powder	Nasal, gargles
Sesamum indicum L.	Decoction,	Topical, oral	Its oil mixed with lime water and is used externally to treat burns, boils and ulcers. A decoction of the root is used to treat asthma and coughs.
Sisymbrium irio L.	Decoction	Oral	Decoction of the plant is used in measles and small pox. Plant is boiled in rose water and use in dysentery.
Solanum melongena L.	Decoction	Oral, topical	A decoction is applied to discharging sores and internal hemorrhages. The ashes of the peduncle are used in the treatment of intestinal hemorrhages, piles and toothache. A decoction of the root is astringent.
Sonchus arvensis L.	Juice	Oral	Two drops of its juice is mixed with 8 drops of honey and given to newborns to cure flu and chest infection. Its juice is fried in coconut oil till all the juice dries and only oil is left behind. This oil is used as hair tonic.
Sonchus oleraceus L.	Tonic, paste	Topical	The leaves are applied as a poultice to inflammatory swellings. An infusion of the leaves and roots is febrifuge and tonic.
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.	Decoction, juice, extract	Oral, topical, optical	An infusion of the fresh or dried herb can be added to the bath water and its emollient property will help to reduce inflammation - in rheumatic joints for example - and encourage tissue repair. A decoction of the whole plant is taken internally as a post-partum depurative, emmenagogue, galactogogue and circulatory tonic.The decoction is also used externally to treat rheumatic pains, wounds and ulcers. The expressed juice of the plant has been used as eyewash.
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.	Decoction	Oral	A tea can be made from the leaves or, more commonly, from the roots. The latex contained in the plant sap can be used to remove corns, warts and verrucae. The latex has a specific action on inflammations of the gall bladder and is also believed to remove stones in the liver. A tea made from the leaves is laxative.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight &Arn.	Decoction, extract	Topical, oral	Its decoction prepared in milk is good in cardiac problems. Worms and warts are washed with its decoction. Oils from its leaves are used to cure earache. Powder of its bark is given with raw sugar along with milk in bone injuries. Its decoction resolves blue coloration of skin due to blood clots.
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) Wight& Arn.	Powder,decoction	Oral, topical	Fruits are roasted and given orally to cure diarrhea. Powder of flowers is used to cure hemorrhoids. Decoction of leaves is used as hair tonic. Powder of roots are mixed with black pepper and given orally to cure diarrhea.

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