Comparative Bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in <i>Malapterurus electricus</i> (Siluriformes: Malapteruridae) and its Enteric Parasite, <i>Electrotaenia malopteruri</i> Sampled from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria

Isibor, P. O.; Akeredolu, E.; Samuel, O. B.; Abayomi, A.; Olaleru, F.; Akinsanya, B.; Emezie, P.; Are, F. N.; Saliu, J. K.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.236827

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 81 (4) • Oct-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.236827 copy

Comparative Bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in Malapterurus electricus (Siluriformes: Malapteruridae) and its Enteric Parasite, Electrotaenia malopteruri Sampled from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria

Bioacumulação comparativa de HAP e BTEX em Malapterurus electricus (Siluriformes: Malapteruridae) e seu parasita entérico, Electrotaenia malopteruri, coletado na lagoa Lekki, Lagos, Nigéria

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Contamination of Lekki lagoon by petrogenic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) has been widely reported. The study was aimed at investigating the bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in Malapterurus electricus collected from Lekki lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria. BTEX was analyzed in the intestine, water, and sediment samples using 8260B Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). While PAHs were tested in the same media using a gas chromatograph coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Histopathological analysis of the fish intestine was conducted using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Parasite intensity, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation activities were investigated in the fish. The parasitic infection detected in Malapterurus electricus was Electrotaenia malopteruri. The parasite showed weak and no depurative capacities for BTEX and PAH respectively. The decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in conjunction with an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) characterized relatively higher susceptibility among the male fish. Varieties of tissue injuries increased with the standard length of the fish groups. Results suggest that lengthier and uninfected M. electricus were more susceptible to PAH in Lekki lagoon than the shorter and infected ones. The study demonstrated a promising tendency of the enteric parasite, E. malopteruri to depurate chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m+p-xylene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene from the intestine of its host fish, M. electricus, while PAHs were poorly mediated by the parasite.

Keywords:
bioaccumulation; acenaphthylene; pyrene; electric fish; oxidative stress; histopathology

PARAMETERS	Station 1	Station 2	Station 3	FEPA (2003)FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY – FEPA, 2003. Guidelines and standards for environmental pollution control in Nigeria, Nigeria: FEPA, 420 p.
Temperature (⁰C)	30.46 ± 1.66	29.63 ± 3.66	30.2 ± 3.39	-
pH	4.53 ± 0.15	4.40 ± 0.17	4.50 ± 0.00	6-8
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)	12.63 ± 4.70	19.90 ± 2.09*	21.26 ± 5.70*	7.5
Total Dissolved Solids (g/L)	0.03 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.06	0.04 ± 0.06	2000
Conductivity (µS/cm)	0.07 ± 0.07	0.09 ± 0.07	0.05 ± 0.06	400
Salinity (ppt)	0.03 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.05	-
Turbidity (NTU)	111.46 ± 9.53	115.53 ± 9.88	122.33 ± 7.79	-

SL (cm)
MALE
1.00 – 4.90	2	0	0	0	0
5.00 – 9.90	3	0	0	0	0
10.00 – 14.90	60	4	6.67	12	3
15.00 – 19.90	34	5	14.71	19	3.8
20.00 – 24.90	2	0	0	0	0
FEMALE
1.00 – 4.90	0	0	0	0	0
5.00 – 9.90	0	0	0	0	0
10.00 – 14.90	20	4	20	14	3.5
15.00 – 19.90	13	0	0	0	0

Weight (g)	Number Examined	No. Infected	Prevalence (%)
MALE
1.00 – 9.90	6	0	0
10.00 – 19.90	20	2	10
20.00 – 29.90	23	3	13.04
30.00 – 39.90	12	1	8.33
40.00 – 49.90	12	1	8.33
50.00 – 59.90	7	1	14.29
60.00 – 69.90	6	0	0
70.00 – 79.90	4	1	25
80.00 – 89.90	4	0	0
90.00 – 99.90	3	0	0
100.00 – 109.90	0	0	0
110.00 – 119.90	2	0	0
120.00 – 129.90	1	0	0
130.00 - 139.90	0	0	0
140.00 - 149.90	0	0	0
150.00 - 159.90	1	0	0
FEMALE
1.00 – 9.90	3	1	33.33
10.00 – 19.90	4	0	0
20.00 – 29.90	2	1	50
30.00 – 39.90	4	0	0
40.00 – 49.90	9	1	11.1
50.00 – 59.90	4	1	25
60.00 – 69.90	5	0	0
70.00 – 79.90	0	0	0
80.00 – 89.90	2	0	0

BTEX	Water	Sediment	Kd	Intestine	BAFi/w	BSAF	Parasite	BAFp/i
MTBE	19.73±2.56	25.17±3.02	1.28	241.99±9.69	12.27	9.61	BD	0.00
Benzene	9.51±1.04	23.63±1.41	2.48	4.33±1.68	0.46	0.18	BD	0.00
Toluene	10.86±0.34	14.90±1.03	1.37	8.13±2.92	0.75	0.54	0.00	0.00
CB	BD	4.35±0.31	-	19.58±1.14	-	4.50	1120	57.24
EB	7.02±0.07	9.04±2.01	1.29	6.65±2.66	0.95	0.74	46.29	6.96
m+p-xylene	7.34±0.41	8.75±0.23	1.19	8.27±1.61	1.13	0.95	72.36	8.75
o-xylene	7.92±0.34	14.15±1.02	1.79	6.45±0.79	0.81	0.46	46.96	7.28
1,3-DCB	BD	BD	-	0.00±0.00	-	-	0.00	0.00
1,4-DCB	BD	1.43±0.10	-	0.16±0.34	-	0.11	-	2.40
1,2-DCB	BD	BD	-	0.42±1.02	-	-	-	0.00

	Water	Sediment	Kd	Intestine	BAFi/w	BSAF	BAFp/i
Water	1
Sediment	0.916138	1
Kd	0.71784	0.858187	1
Intestine	0.740195	0.583217	0.139198	1
BAFi/w	0.796205	0.624135	0.216145	0.991921	1
BSAF	0.594972	0.477785	0.013425	0.92951	0.887685	1
BAFp/i	-0.33803	-0.23542	-0.32192	-0.69793	-0.18977	0.274005	1

PAH congeners	Water	Sediment	Kd	Intestine	BAFi/w	BSAF	Parasite	BAFp/i
Naphthalene^a a 2-3 rings,	0.20±0.02	0.41±0.01	0.21	0.23±0.01	1.15	0.56	BD	-
Acenaphthylene^a	0.29±0.01	0.22±0.00	0.76	0.24±1.68	0.83	1.10	BD	-
Acenaphthene^a	0.51±0.01	0.24±0.01	0.52	0.62±0.02	1.22	2.58	0.56	0.91
Fluorene^a	0.23±0.01	0.36±0.02	1.57	1.67±0.02	7.26	4.64	1.82	1.09
Anthracene^b b 4-6 rings,	0.24±0.03	0.20±0.01	0.25	0.97±0.01	4.04	4.85	1.25	1.29
Phenanthrene^a	0.21±0.01	0.36±0.01	1.71	0.51±0.00	2.43	1.42	0.24	0.48
Fluoranthene^b	0.25±0.01	0.06±0.01	0.24	43.83±2.92	175.32	730.5	29.80	0.68
Pyrene^b	0.00±0.00	0.01±0.00	-	10.32±1.07	-	1032	5.99	0.58
Benzo(c)phenanthrene^b	0.05±0.01	0.02±0.00	0.40	0.26±0.34	5.2	13	0.10	0.39
Chrysene^b	0.25±0.01	0.29±0.01	1.13	31.59±1.02	126.36	108.9	16.74	0.53

	Water	Sediment	Kd	Intestine	BAFi/w	BSAF	BAFp/i
Water	1
Sediment	0.436875	1
Kd	0.200689	0.603021	1
Intestine	-0.04662	-0.47195	-0.31221	1
BAFi/w	0.073283	-0.36269	-0.21696	0.970326	1
BSAF	-0.45145	0.65836	-0.48277	0.685028	0.48989	1
BAFp/i	0.235931	-0.02666	0.108877	-0.26679	0.086194	0.025795	1

Biochemical parameters (µmol/mg prot.)	Infected fish	Uninfected fish	Parasite
GSH	6.11 ± 1.82^a	2.62 ± 1.97^b	8.81 ± 1.58^a
GSH	(4.09- 8.03)	(1.35- 3.92)	(6.61 - 10.70)
SOD	125.11 ± 7.05^a	98.79 ± 4.15^b	126.25 ± 4.97^b
SOD	(116.08- 132.77)	(73.81- 124.05)	(121.39 - 134.29)
CAT	482.60 ± 75.06	547.22 ± 92.60	478.70 ± 17.42
CAT	(258.58 - 665.09)	(417.16 - 653.85)	(284.62 - 689.94)
MDA	5.95 ± 2.16^c	8.76 ± 0.36^a	6.46 ± 0.81^b
MDA	(3.56 - 9.23)	(1.40 - 4.31)	(4.52 - 6.52)

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