| 50 |
AuNPs Synthesis using Bacillus licheniformis
|
100-1,000 nM |
24 hr |
retinal endothelial cells |
Bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) |
-Cell proliferation assay (MTT),
-Cell migration assay,
-Tube formation assay,
-Transwell monolayer
-permeability assay,
-Plasmid constructs
-transient transfection assay.
-Western blot analysis. |
- 500 nM suppressed proliferation, migration and tube formation.
- increase in cytotoxicity of AuNPs in a dosedependent manner.
- high concentrations greater than 500 nM of AuNPs caused significant cell death.
- dose from 0 to 500 nM did not induce any cytotoxic effects. |
(Kalishwaralal et al., 2011Kalishwaralal K, Sheikpranbabu S, BarathManiKanth S, Haribalaganesh R, Ramkumarpandian S, Gurunathan S. Retracted article: Gold nanoparticles inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability via src dependent pathway in retinal endothelial cells. Angiogenesis. 2011;14(1):29-45.) |
| 20 |
commercial |
1 & 5 µM/1 mL phosphatebuffered saline. |
intravitreal injection once on the day 14 postnatal |
retinopathy of prematurity. |
-C57BL/6 mice (5-7 pups)/group
-Human retina microvascular endothelial cells. |
-Histological analysis
-Cell proliferation assay (MTT)
-Wound migration assay
-Tube formation assay
-Western blotting
-Cell viability assay (MTT) assay
-(TUNEL) assay. |
- AuNP inhibit retinal neovascularization.
- AuNP could be safely applied to retina without retinal toxicity. |
(Kim et al., 2011Kim JH, Kim MH, Jo DH, Yu YS, Lee TG, Kim JH. The inhibition of retinal neovascularization by gold nanoparticles via suppression of vegfr-2 activation. Biomaterials. 2011;32(7):1865-1871.) |
| 20 |
Spherical/ sodium citrate a reducing agent and stabilizer |
2.5 mg/kg. |
IP, every 48 h until 21 days |
Alzheimer's disease (brain) |
Wistar male rats (n= 30 per group |
- analyse Oxidative, mitochondrial parameters and neuroinflammatory parameters
-western blot
-Parameters of oxidative stress analysis
-object recognition task. |
- AuNPs prevent cognitive damage, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. |
(Muller et al., 2017Muller AP, Ferreira GK, Pires AJ, de Bem Silveira G, de Souza DL, de Abreu Brandolfi J, et al. Gold nanoparticles prevent cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of sporadic dementia of alzheimer’s type. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;77:476-483.) |
| 30 |
spherical AuNPs, AuNPs- Simdax conjugate, |
12.7 μg/mL by metal in cell line - 0.06 mL per animal. |
intrapleural and intravenous -observed until natural death. |
heart failure rat model. |
Wistar rats (n = 54)/7group.
U937 (human leukemic monocyte lymphoma) cell line. |
- comet assay
- light optical microscopy studies,
- laser correlation spectroscopy,
- scanning electron microscopy.
- sonoporation cardioprotective efficacy. |
- AuNPs are biosafety,
-Intrapleural (local) delivery is favored over intravenous delivery.
- AuNPs-Simdax and AuNPs have similar significant cardioprotective effects. |
(Spivak et al., 2013Spivak MY, Bubnov RV, Yemets IM, Lazarenko LM, Tymoshok NO, Ulberg ZR. Development and testing of gold nanoparticles for drug delivery and treatment of heart failure: A theranostic potential for ppp cardiology. EPMA J. 2013;4(1):20.) |
| 20 |
Spherical/sodium Citrate |
10, 25, or 50 mg/kg |
administered into the pleural cavity, four hours later, the rats were sacrificed |
Pleurisy (acute inflammation model induced by carrageenan) |
Adult male Wistar rats nine groups (n=5 animals per group). |
-ELISA for Inflammatory parameters and oxidative damage parameters
-Protein determination. |
- AuNP exhibited antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions. |
(Paula et al., 2015Paula M, Petronilho F, Vuolo F, Ferreira GK, De Costa L, Santos GP et al. Gold nanoparticles and/or N-acetylcysteine mediate carrageenan-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2015;103(10):3323-3330.) |
| 5, 15, 20, and 35 |
citratestabilized |
100 nmol Au/kg |
IP, after 4 h animals were euthanized |
Interleukin 1beta. dependent inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis |
-THP-1 human myeloid leukaemia cells.
-Primary human basophils
-C57BL/6 male mice |
-Western Blot Analysis
-PI3K Activity Assay
-In-Cell Analysis of Cell-Bound IL-1β
-Cytokine Analysis
-Analysis of Histamine Release |
- AuNPs clearly displayed antiinflammatory properties on THP-1 cells.
- 5 nm AuNPs completely blocked the inflammatory process.
- 20and 15 nm AuNPs were less effective, 35 nm AuNP did not display a statistically significant effect.
- In vivo: downregulatory effects of AuNPs on IL-1β. |
(Sumbayev et al., 2013Sumbayev VV, Yasinska IM, Garcia CP, Gilliland D, Lall GS, Gibbs BF, et al. Gold nanoparticles downregulate interleukin-1β-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Small. 2013;9(3):472-477.) |
| 20 |
spherical/ Citrate stabilized |
In vitro: 5, 25, 50 µg/mL AuNP
In vivo: 100 µg of AuNP in 100 µL volume |
various doses of AuNP for 48 h.
In vivo: IP for 21 days. |
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. |
pancreatic cancer cells and the pancreatic stellate cells. in vivo: 48 Female athymic nude mice/ 8 per group. |
-Immunoblotting
-Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
-Cell viability assay for conditioned media treatment.
-Antibody Arrays.
-Transmission Electron Microscopy.
-Immunocyto and histochemistry |
- AuNPs inhibit proliferation and migration of PCCs and PSCs.
- In vivo AuNP treatment significantly reduced tumour Growth. |
(Saha et al., 2016Saha S, Xiong X, Chakraborty PK, Shameer K, Arvizo RR, Kudgus RA, et al. Gold nanoparticle reprograms pancreatic tumor microenvironment and inhibits tumor growth. ACS Nano. 2016;10(12):10636-10651.) |
| 5, 20, 50, or 100 |
AuNPs synthesized by the citrate reduction method |
100 μg 200 μg 400 μg |
After 3 wk of 3 d/wk of i.p. injection of AuNPs |
Ovarian tumor growth and metastasis |
-ovarian cancer cell lines-A2780, and SKOV3- ip cells
-normal ovarian surface epithelial. in vivo: athymic nude female mice, (n = 5) |
-quantitative RT-PCR
-Confocal
-immunofluorescence studies
-Western blot analyses.
-Cell Proliferation Assay.
- Transmission Electron Microscopy.
-Cellular Apoptosis Assay.
-Human Angiogenic Cytokine Array. |
- AuNPs inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in a size- and concentrationdependent manner, with 200 μg or 400 μg of 20 nm showing the greatest efficacy.
- AuNPs reverse epithelial mesenchymal transition in cancer cells.
- histological analysis of the organs did not reveal any sign of inflammation or toxicity in AuNPtreated groups
- 200 μg/mouse demonstrated the highest therapeutic efficacy to inhibit tumour. |
(Arvizo et al., 2013Arvizo RR, Saha S, Wang E, Robertson JD, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by a self-therapeutic nanoparticle. PNAS. 2013;110(17):6700-6705.) |
| 21 |
spherical citrate |
single dose of AuNPs (7.85 mg AuNPs/g) |
IP, Tissues collected at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h post-injection. |
Brain, heart, spleen, liver, kidney, abdominal fat tissue. |
Male C57BL/6 mice. |
-Electron microscopy.
- real-time PCR. |
- A reduction in TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels in the fat were observed from 1 h to 72 h post AuNP injection, with no observable changes in macrophage number.
- no detectable toxicity to vital organs (liver and kidney). |
(Chen et al., 2013Chen H, Dorrigan A, Saad S, Hare DJ, Cortie MB, Valenzuela SM. In vivo study of spherical gold nanoparticles: Inflammatory effects and distribution in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e58208.). |
