Fauna parasitária de metazoários em peixes detritívoros e onívoros do Lago Amapá, na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira

Negreiros, Luciano Pereira; Couto, João Victor; Tavares-Dias, Marcos

Negreiros

substantial contribution to the idea and design of the study

contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data

the writing of the paper, and critical review (adding intellectual content)

Instituto Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil.

João Victor Couto

contribution to the identification of parasites

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.

Marcos Tavares-Dias ^** Corresponding author: marcos.tavares@embrapa.br

contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the paper, and critical review (adding intellectual content)

Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8376-1846

* Corresponding author: marcos.tavares@embrapa.br

Associate Editor

Juan Schmitter-Soto

Author Contributions

Luciano Pereira Negreiros: substantial contribution to the idea and design of the study, and contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the paper, and critical review (adding intellectual content).

João Victor Couto: contribution to the identification of parasites Marcos Tavares-Dias: contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the paper, and critical review (adding intellectual content).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Ethics

Ethics approval to obtain access to genetic heritage was authorized by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (SISBio No 71522–1). This study was developed in accordance with the principles adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and was conducted under authorization from the Ethics Committee for Animal Use of Embrapa Amapá (Protocol N^o 014/2018).

Fish species	Family	N	Weight (g)	Length (cm)	Trophic level^* * Based on Froese and Pauly (2023).	Main feeding items^* * Based on Froese and Pauly (2023).
Curimata inornata Vari, 1989	Curimatidae	8	74.3 ± 13.9	18.2 ± 1.2	Detritivorous	Zoobenthos, algae and detritus
Curimatella meyeri Steindachner, 1882	Curimatidae	13	124.5 ± 37.7	18.2 ± 1.3	Detritivorous	Detritus and aquatic plants
Potamorhina latior Spix & Agassiz, 1829	Curimatidae	31	82.5 ± 22.4	18.6 ± 2.5	Detritivorous	Detritus and aquatic plant
Psectrogaster rutiloides Kner, 1858	Curimatidae	8	76.3 ± 18.1	16.2 ± 1.1	Detritivorous	Detritus, aquatic plants and periphyton
Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix & Agassiz, 1829	Cynodontidae	13	191.1 ± 96.5	34.9 ± 4.0	Omnivorous	Nekton and fish
Hypophthalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1840	Pimelodidae	34	269.3 ± 69.3	33.2 ± 4.9	Omnivorous	Zooplankton and invertebrates
Nemadoras humeralis Kner, 1855	Doradidae	19	43.3 ± 15.4	14.3 ± 0.6	Omnivorous	Detritus, aquatic plants, invertebrates, crustacean and fish
Auchenipterus nuchalis Spix & Agassiz, 1829	Auchenipteridae	15	78.0 ± 14.7	19.8 ± 1.2	Omnivorous	Zoobenthos, nekton, insects, invertebrates, crustacean and fish
Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes, 1840	Pimelodidae	14	63.2 ± 40.1	19.6 ± 3.1	Omnivorous	Zoobenthos, nekton, detritus, aquatic plants, insects, invertebrates, crustacean and fish
Sorubim lima Bloch & Schneider, 1801	Pimelodidae	4	73.8 ± 24.7	27.0 ± 2.8	Omnivorous	Zoobenthos, nekton, detritus, aquatic plants, insects, invertebrates, crustacean and fish

Host species	Parasite species	P (%)	MI	MA	TNP	Infection site
Psectrogaster rutiloides	–	0	0	–	–	–
Curimata inornata	Proterodiplostomidae gen. sp. (metacercariae)	37.5	42.0	15.8	126	Intestine
	Ergasilus jaraquensis^{Thatcher & Robertson, 1982}33 THATCHER, V.E. Amazon Fish Parasites. Pensoft: Sofia Moscow. #	12.5	1.0	0.1	1	Gills
Curimatella meyeri	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.1	23.1	2.0	0.5	6	Gills
	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.2	7.1	1.0	0.08	1	Gills
Potamorhina latior	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.1	3.2	2.0	0.1	2	Gills
	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.2	22.6	2.4	0.5	17	Gills
	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.3	9.7	2.7	0.3	8	Gills
	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.4	6.6	1.0	0.06	2	Gills
	Anacanthorus spathulatus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992#	9.7	9.7	0.9	29	Gills
	Anacanthorus thatcheri Boeger & Kritsky 1988 #	3.2	1.0	0.03	1	Gills
	Anacanthorus sp.#	3.2	1.0	0.03	1	Gills
	Rhinoxenus sp.#	3.2	1.0	0.03	1	Gills
	Proterodiplostomidae gen. sp. and Diplostomidae gen. sp. (metacercariae)	67.7	56.2	38.1	1181	Intestine
	Anisakidae gen. sp. (larvae)	6.5	3.0	0.2	6	Liver
	Miracetyma etimaruya Malta, 1993	14.3	3.0	0.3	9	Gills
Rhaphiodon vulpinus	Notozothecium lamotherargumedoi Cohen & Kohn, 2008	100	42.5	43.5	553	Gills
	Digenea gen. sp. (metacercariae)	7.7	7.0	0.5	7	Intestine
	Eustrongylides sp. (larvae)#	7.7	3.0	0.2	3	Intestine
	Contracaecum sp.L3 (larvae)	7.7	3.0	0.2	3	Liver
	Terranova sp. L3 (larvae)#	30.8	13.0	4.0	52	Intestine
	Spirocamallanus sp.#	7.7	1.0	0.1	1	Intestine
	Pseudoproleptus sp. (larvae)#	7.7	28.0	2.2	28	Intestine
	Anisakidae gen. sp. (larvae)	7.7	19.0	1.5	19	Intestine
	Ergasilus tipurus Varella, Morey & Malta, 2019	46.2	5.5	2.2	33	Gills
	Miracetyma kawa Malta, 1994	7.7	4.0	3.0	4	Gills
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.1	2.9	8.0	0.2	8	Gills
	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.2	5.9	3.0	0.2	6	Gills
	Ameloblastella edentensis Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016 #	79.4	57.2	43.8	1484	Gills
	Ameloblastella martinae Mendoza-Palmero, Rossin, Irigoitia & Scholz, 2020 #	5.9	4.0	0.2	8	Gills
	Ameloblastella peruensis Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016#	8.7	4.5	0.3	9	Gills
	Digenea gen. sp. (metacercariae)	14.7	5.4	0.8	27	Intestine
	Contracaecum sp.L3 (larvae)#	20.6	33.2	7.8	266	Intestine
	Anisakidae gen.sp. (larvae)	14.7	12.4	1.9	62	Liver
	Terranova sp. L3 (larvae)#	5.9	11.5	0.7	23	Abdominal cavity
	Neochinorhynchus sp. (larvae)	32.4	11.7	3.9	129	Intestine
	Miracetymasp.#	73.5	23.8	28.0	595	Gills
Nemadoras humeralis	Cosmetocleithrum sp.1#	10.5	11.5	1.2	23	Gills
	Cosmetocleithrum sp.2#	10.5	2.0	0.1	2	Gills
	Dactylogyridae gen. sp.	10.5	2.0	0.1	2	Gills
	Rhipidocotyle sp. and Proterodiplostomidae gen. sp.#	31.6	9.2	2.9	55	Intestine
	Anisakidae gen. sp. (larvae)#	63.9	2.2	1.4	27	Intestine
	Isopoda gen. sp.	5.3	1.0	0.05	1	Gills
Pimelodus blochii	Ameloblastella amazonica Negreiros, Tavares-Dias & Pereira, 2019	7.1	31.0	2.2	31	Gills
	Ameloblastella satoi Monteiro, Kritsky & Brasil-Sato, 2010#	7.1	3.0	0.2	3	Gills
	Demidospermus striatus Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2011	7.1	4.0	0.3	4	Gills
	Demidospermus leptosynophalus Kritsky & Gutiérrez, 1996	7.1	2.0	0.1	2	Gills
	Demidospermus peruvianus Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2011	7.1	56.0	4.0	56	Gills
	Digenea gen. sp. (metacercariae)	7.1	1.0	0.07	1	Intestine
	Prosthenhystera obesa Diesing, 1850	7.1	1.0	0.07	1	Intestine
	Dadaytrema oxycephalum Diesing, 1850	21.4	14.0	2.9	42	Intestine
	Anisakidae gen. sp. (larvae)	28.6	8.7	2.5	35	Intestine
	Philometroide acreanensis Cavalcante, Moravec & Santos, 2017	7.1	2.0	0.1	2	Intestine
	Spirocamallanus pimelodus Pinto, Fabio, Noronha & Rolas, 1976	14.3	9.5	1.4	19	Intestine
	Ergasilus sp.	35.7	5.4	1.9	27	Gills
Sorubim lima	Digenea gen. sp. (metacercariae)	75.0	11.0	8.2	33	Intestine
	Anisakidae gen. sp. (larvae)	100	21.0	21.0	84	Intestine
Auchenipterus nuchalis	Diplostomidae gen. sp. (metacercariae)	6.7	46.0	3.1	46	Intestine
	Neochinorhynchus sp. (larvae) #	73.3	4.1	3.0	45	Intestine
	Spirocamallanus sp. (larvae) #	40	1.3	0.5	8	Intestine

Host species	Parasite species	DI	d	D	Type of dispersion
Potamorhina latior	Monogeneans	1.848	2.345	0.668	Aggregated
Potamorhina latior	Proterodiplostomidae gen. sp. and Diplostomidae gen. sp.	3.639	6.591	0.494	Aggregated
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Monogeneans	3.052	6.007	0.429	Aggregated
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Digenea gen. sp.	2.04	3.418	0.838	Aggregated
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Contracaecum sp. L3	2.854	5.539	0.707	Aggregated
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Anisakidae gen. sp.	2.04	3.418	0.838	Aggregated
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Miracetymasp.	2.737	5.535	0.497	Aggregated

Host species	Parasite species	Weight		Length
Host species	Parasite species	rs	p	rs	p
Curimata inornata	Proterodiplostomidae gen. sp.	0.151	0.721	0.731	0.039
Curimatella meyeri	Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 1 and 2	0.098	0.751	0.124	0.686
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Monogeneans	0.631	0.0001	0.258	0.14
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Nematodes	0.054	0.762	0.249	0.156
Hypophthalmus marginatus	Miracetymasp.	0.639	0.0001	–0.11	0.534
Potamorhina latior	Monogeneans	0.531	0.777	0.099	0.596
Potamorhina latior	Proterodiplostomidae gen. sp. and Diplostomidae gen. sp. (metacercariae)	–0.349	0.045	–0.373	0.039
Potamorhina latior	Miracetyma etimaruya	0.038	0.841	–0.037	0.844
Rhaphiodon vulpinus	Notozothecium lamotherargumedoi	0.391	0.186	0.597	0.031
Rhaphiodon vulpinus	Terranova sp. L3	0.051	0.887	0.037	0.903
Rhaphiodon vulpinus	Ergasilus tipurus	0.014	0.965	–0.419	0.154
Nemadoras humeralis	Diplostomum sp.	–0.17	0.486	0.022	0.93
Nemadoras humeralis	Anisakidae gen. sp	–0.435	0.063	–0.128	0.612

[1] * Corresponding author: marcos.tavares@embrapa.br

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Fauna parasitária de metazoários em peixes detritívoros e onívoros do Lago Amapá, na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira

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