Selectivity and efficacy of herbicides applied on barley for weed control

Galon, Leandro; Silva, Antonio Marcos Loureiro da; Franceschetti, Milena Barretta; Müller, Caroline; Weirich, Sabrina Natalia; Toso, Janaíne Oliveira; Tonin, Rodrigo José; Perin, Gismael Francisco

doi:10.1590/1678-4499.20220111

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Article • Bragantia 82 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20220111 copy

Selectivity and efficacy of herbicides applied on barley for weed control

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Ryegrass and turnip are weeds that cause high yield losses when infesting barley, thus requiring adequate management. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of different herbicide treatments and weed control in the barley crop, cultivar BRS Cauê. Two field experiments were conducted in randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments used were: pendimethalin (800 g·ha^-1), sulfentrazone + diuron (175 + 350 g·ha^-1), and imazaquim (150 g·ha^-1 of a. e.) applied pre-emergence; and iodosulfuron (3.5 g·ha^-1), pyroxsulam (18 g·ha^-1), metsulfuron-methyl (3.96 g·ha^-1), 2,4-D (670 g·ha^-1 of a. e.), clodinafop-propargyl (48 g·ha^-1), bentazon + imazamox (600 + 28 g·ha^-1), saflufenacil (49 g·ha^-1), bentazon (720 g·ha^-1), carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g·ha^-1), and imazamox (42 g·ha^-1) applied post-emergence, with two controls (one weeded and the other infested). The use of the herbicide imazaquim caused high levels of phytotoxicity in barley. Gas exchange was less responsive to herbicide applications in relation to barley phytotoxicity and productivity. Clodinafop-propargil showed the best control of ryegrass, while the herbicides iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfurom-methyl, 2,4-D, bentazon + imazamox, saflufenacil, bentazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, and imazaquim showed high efficiency in the control of turnip species. Imazaquim caused reduction of up to 74.7% in barley grain yield. On the other hand, iodosulufuron and piroxsulam allowed the highest grain yields of the barley cultivar, BRS Cauê, by promoting partial control of ryegrass and total control of turnip species, followed by clodinafop-propargyl and metsulfuron-methyl, which controlled ryegrass and turnip, respectively, allowing an increase in yield grain in relation to the infested control.

Key words
Hordeum vulgare ; Lolium multiflorum ; Raphanus raphanistrum ; Raphanus sativus

pH (H₂O)	Organic matter (%)	Base saturation (V, %)	Clay (%)	Cation Exchange Capacity		H + Al (cmol_c·dm^-3)
pH (H₂O)	Organic matter (%)	Base saturation (V, %)	Clay (%)	t (cmol_c·dm^-3)	pH = 7 (cmol_c·dm^-3)	H + Al (cmol_c·dm^-3)
5.1	3	53	60	7.4	16.6	7.7
P (mg·dm^-3)	K (mg·dm^-3)	Al⁺³(cmol_c·dm^-3)	Ca⁺² (cmol_c·dm^-3)	Mg⁺² (cmol_c·dm^-3)	Clay (%)
5.2	118	0.3	5	3	60

Application period	Luminosity (%)	Temperature (°C)	Relative humidity (%)	Soil conditions	Wind speed (km·h^-1)
Pre-emergence	100	4	80	Wet	4.5
Post-emergence	95	10	78	Wet	5

Treatment	Dose (mL g^-1·ha^-1)	Phytotoxicity (%)
Treatment	Dose (mL g^-1·ha^-1)	7 DAT	14 DAT	21 DAT	28 DAT
Control (weed)	---	0 g	0 d	0 e	0 f
Iodosulfuron	---	0 g	6.50 c	10 c	5 e
Piroxsulam	400	45 b	10.50 c	11.75 b	43.33 c
Metsulfuron-methyl	6.6	0 g	3 d	0 e	0 f
2,4-D	1,000	0 g	9.33 c	6.33 c	2.50 e
Clodinafop-propargyl	200	3.25 f	9 c	8 c	4.33 e
Bentazon + imazamox	1,000	5 f	4.25 d	5.50 d	25 d
Saflufenacil	70	4.75 f	9.25 c	8 c	4.33 e
Bentazon	1,200	0 g	3 d	1.50 e	0 f
Carfentrazone-ethyl	300	3 f	12 c	8.75 c	3 e
Imazamox	60	30 c	7.75 c	14.75 b	50 b
Pendimethalin	2,000	16.25 e	5 d	2.50 e	0 f
Sulfentrazone + diuron	1,000	25 d	47.50 b	12.50 b	6.50 e
Imazaquim	1,000	78.75 a	85 a	80.50 a	61.67 a

Treatment	Physiological traits
Treatment	A	g_S	E	Ci	CE	WUE
Control (weed)	15.91 c	0.49 a	5.39 a	292.67 a	0.05 b	2.94 b
Iodosulfuron	17.26 b	0.55 a	5.79 a	282.13 b	0.06 a	3.11 b
Piroxsulam	15.94 c	0.40 b	4.30 b	244.50 b	0.06 a	4.47 a
Metsulfuron-methyl	17.59 b	0.53 a	5.10 a	289.85 b	0.06 a	3.42 b
2,4-D	17.04 b	0.59 a	5.04 a	301 a	0.06 a	3.41 b
Clodinafop-propargyl	14.20 c	0.38 b	4.60 b	291.23 a	0.05 b	3.10 b
Bentazon + imazamox	15.14 c	0.56 a	6.60 a	296.65 a	0.05 b	2.39 b
Saflufenacil	15.72 c	0.48 b	5.06 a	288.40 b	0.05 b	3.14 b
Bentazon	15.72 c	0.50 a	5.82 a	282.78 b	0.06 a	2.71 b
Carfentrazone-ethyl	14.64 c	0.62 a	3.85 c	288.70 b	0.05 b	4.26 a
Imazamox	19.16 a	0.57 a	5.82 a	286.68 b	0.07 a	3.39 b
Pendimethalin	17.13 b	0.44 b	4.78 b	285.78 b	0.06 a	3.61 b
Sulfentrazone + diuron	15.31 c	0.58 a	5.30 a	296.45 a	0.05 b	2.89 b
Imazaquim	14.62 c	0.39 b	3.14 c	285.36 b	0.05 b	4.82 a

Treatment	Yield components
Treatment	NE	EL	NFG	NSG	TGW	GY
Control (weed)	519 c	5.69 a	20.35 a	2.15 a	41.11 b	2,079.18 b
Iodosulfuron	530 c	5.96 a	22.25 a	1.60 b	39.98 c	1,980.97 c
Piroxsulam	602.75 b	5.83 a	21.80 a	1.65 b	39.95 c	1,609.00 d
Metsulfuron-methyl	572 b	5.98 a	23.05 a	1.53 b	40.63 c	2,129.50 b
2,4-D	456 d	5.72 a	20.45 a	2.00 a	40.60 c	1,599.01 d
Clodinafop-propargyl	565.25 b	5.64 a	22.45 a	1.73 b	40.75 c	2,385.61 a
Bentazon + imazamox	688 a	5.05 a	21.40 a	1.60 b	42.72 a	1,337.96 e
Saflufenacil	606.75 b	4.91 a	20.13 a	1.22 b	41.81 b	2,154.03 b
Bentazon	458.75 d	5.41 a	21.00 a	1.95 a	41.72 b	1,563.06 d
Carfentrazone-ethyl	634.75 a	5.54 a	21.73 a	1.35 b	42.90 a	2,034.43 c
Imazamox	570.75 b	6.28 a	20.40 a	2.53 a	37.96 d	1,195.67 f
Pendimethalin	609.25 b	5.13 a	19.95 a	2.33 a	41.47 b	2,424.05 a
Sulfentrazone + diuron	558 b	5.78 a	21.82 a	2.30 a	40.45 c	1,919.70 c
Imazaquim	403 d	7.20 a	23.07 a	2.30 a	40.50 c	526.57 g

Treatment	Ryegrass control (%)
Treatment	7 DAT	14 DAT	21 DAT	28 DAT	35 DAT
Control (weed)	100 a	100 a	100 a	100 a	100 a
Infested	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 f
Iodosulfuron	42.50 c	25 d	35 c	35 d	55 c
Piroxsulam	70 b	36.25 c	58.75 b	61.25 b	63.75 b
Metsulfurom-methyl	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 f
2,4-D	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 f
Clodinafop-propargyl	100 a	100 a	100 a	100 a	94.25 a
Bentazon + imazamox	35 c	41.25 c	40 c	43.75 c	21.25 e
Saflufenacil	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 f
Bentazon	0 e	10 e	0 e	0 e	0 f
Carfentrazone-ethyl	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 f
Imazamox	40 c	26.25 d	18.75 d	42.50 c	15 d
Pendimethalin	26.25 d	0 e	40 c	0 e	0 f
Sulfentrazone + diuron	66.25 b	56.25 b	45 c	0 e	30 d
Imazaquim	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 e	0 e

Treatment	Turnip species control (%)
Treatment	7 DAT	14 DAT	21 DAT	28 DAT	35 DAT
Control (weed)	100 a	100 a	100 a	100 a	100 a
Infested	0 d	0 g	0 g	0 f	0 e
Iodosulfuron	98.50 a	82.50 d	82.50 b	98 b	96 a
Piroxsulam	100 a	87.25 c	87.25 b	99.50 a	98.75 a
Metsulfuron-methyl	100 a	88.50 c	88.50 b	100 a	98.75 a
2,4-D	100 a	85.75 c	92.75 a	100 a	99 a
Clodinafop-propargyl	0 d	0 g	0 g	0 f	0 e
Bentazon + imazamox	99.50 a	87 c	96.75 a	97.50 b	99.50 a
Saflufenacil	100 a	98 a	100 a	100 a	99.25 a
Bentazon	97.25 a	90 c	94.50 a	94.50 c	97.50 a
Carfentrazone-ethyl	100 a	93.25 b	99 a	100 a	98.75 a
Imazamox	86.50 b	75 e	75 c	83 d	76.26 c
Pendimethalin	0 d	0 g	15 f	0 f	0 e
Sulfentrazone + diuron	20 c	43.75 f	32.50 d	16.25 e	5 d
Imazaquim	95.50 a	98.75 a	95.50 a	95 c	90.75 b

Treatment	Yield components
Treatment	NE	EL	NFG	NSG	TGW	GY
Control (weed)	519 e	5.08 a	15.75 a	3.10 a	32.20 c	2021.61 b
Infested	646.75 b	4.58 b	12.63 b	3.60 a	28.20 c	1132.39 d
Iodosulfuron	530 e	5.51 a	19.40 a	2.30 a	33.84 b	2322.27 a
Pyroxsulam	647.75 b	4.55 b	14.10 a	3.15 a	32.26 b	2184.67 a
Metsulfuron-methyl	598.50 c	5.41 a	16.75 a	4.95 a	37.58 a	1916.08 b
2,4-D	436 f	4.75 b	15.31 a	4.60 a	32.26 b	1506.06 c
Clodinafop-propargyl	589.75 c	4.71 b	12.50 b	5 a	31.50 b	1666.01 c
Bentazon + imazamox	720 a	4.72 b	9.20 b	5 a	26.52 c	1486.56 c
Saflufenacil	606.75 c	4.85 b	13.70 a	4.70 a	36.07 a	1512.12 c
Bentazon	458.75 f	4.74 b	14.05 a	4 a	32.37 b	1292.64 d
Carfentrazone-ethyl	650.25 b	5.13 a	14.49 a	5.30 a	32.14 b	1573.57 c
Imazamox	570.75 d	4.98 a	12.10 b	6.65 a	33.92 b	1558.81 c
Pendimethalin	623 c	5.11 a	14.55 a	4.85 a	37.39 a	1894.31 b
Sulfentrazone + diuron	558 d	5.23 a	16.35 a	4.50 a	35.27 a	1559.59 c
Imazaquim	412 f	3.93 b	8.30 b	6.40 a	25.24 c	1111.49 d

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[1] Section Editor: Gabriel Constantino Blain. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-7734