Pectin-based edible coating containing gibberellic acid in the post-harvest conservation of fresh tomatoes

Flores, Karina Sayuri Ueda; Oliveira, Igor Gabriel Silva; Souza, Vinicius Nelson Barboza de; Garcia, Vitor Augusto dos Santos; Altemio, Ângela Dulce Cavenaghi; Martelli, Silvia Maria

doi:10.1590/1413-7054202347009223

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Agricultural Sciences • Ciênc. agrotec. 47 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202347009223 copy

Pectin-based edible coating containing gibberellic acid in the post-harvest conservation of fresh tomatoes

Uso de revestimento comestível à base de pectina contendo ácido giberélico na conservação pós-colheita de tomates frescos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Edible coating are commonly used as they minimize post-harvest losses and extend the shelf life of fruits. Therefore, in this study, analyzed the effect of edible coatings containing gibberellic acid (GA₃) on the shelf life of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Tomatoes were divided into six groups: Uncoated (CT); coating with 75 and 100 mg L^-1 of GA₃ solubilized in water without adding pectin (A75 and A100, respectively); coating with 75 and 100 mg L^-1 of GA₃ with added pectin (P75 and P100, respectively); coating pectin only (PEC). Pectin-based coatings (PEC, P75, and P100) were produced by solubilizing pectin (3%) in water, followed by adding different concentrations of GA3.Treatments A75 and A100 were prepared with distilled water and 75 and 100 mg L^-1 GA₃. Tomatoes (turning stage) were immersed in the solutions for 3 min, dried at room temperature, and stored at 12 °C (90% RH). The pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, color and weight loss were analyzed every four days for 32 days, and the firmness of the tomatoes was analyzed every seven days for 35 days. Coatings with GA₃ maintained firmness, delayed weight loss, and decreased acidity, pH, sugar content, and color changes. Pectin-based coatings (P75, P100) were the most effective in delaying weight loss. The application of GA₃ associated with pectin-based coatings delayed the ripening process, maintained the quality, and prolonged the shelf life of fruits. As this is an inexpensive technique, it may be used commercially.

Index terms:
Biopolymers; gibberellins; materials technology; shelf life.

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: karina-ueda@hotmail.com

Treatments	Pectin (g/100 mL)	Sorbitol (g/100 g)	Gibberellic acid (g/100 mL)
CT	0.0	0.0	0.0000
A75	0.0	0.0	0.0075
A100	0.0	0.0	0.0100
PEC	3.0	0.6	0.0000
P75	3.0	0.6	0.0075
P100	3.0	0.6	0.0100

Analysis	Time (Days)	Treatments
Analysis	Time (Days)	CT	A75	A100	PEC	P75	P100
TA (g citric acid/100 g of sample)	0	0.43^aA±0.00	0.43^aA±0.00	0.43^aA ±0.00	0.43^aA ±0.00	0.43^aA ±0.00	0.43^aA ±0.00
	4	0.36^aC ±0.01	0.27^cdG ±0.00	0.28^cD ±0.00	0.24^eD ±0.00	0.32^bC ±0.01	0.25^deDE ±0.00
	8	0.39^abB ±0.01	0.36^bC ±0.01	0.40^aB ±0.01	0.29^cB ±0.01	0.29^cDE ±0.00	0.29^cBC ±0.01
	12	0.30^bE ±0.00	0.33^aD ±0.01	0.31^bC ±0.01	0.27^cC ±0.00	0.34^aB ±0.00	0.27^cCD ±0.01
	16	0.28^bEF ±0.01	0.30^aEF ±0.0	0.22^cdEF ±0.00	0.23^cD ±0.00	0.30^aD ±0.00	0.21^deF ±0.00
	20	0.33^aD ±0.00	0.31^bE ±0.01	0.20^dF ±0.00	0.24^cD ±0.00	0.30^bD ±0.00	0.24^cE ±0.00
	24	0.29^bEF ±0.00	0.38^aB ±0.00	0.21^dEF ±0.00	0.24^cD ±0.00	0.30^bDE ±0.00	0.30^bB ±0.00
	28	0.27^aF ±0.01	0.29^aEFG ±0.00	0.22^bE ±0.00	0.23^bD ±0.01	0.24^bF ±0.00	0.24^bE ±0.00
	32	0.22^bcG ±0.01	0.28^aFG ±0.01	0.22^cEF ±0.00	0.24^bD ±0.01	0.28^aE ±0.00	0.24^bE ±0.00
pH	0	3.93^aE ±0.01	3.93^aE ±0.01	3.93^aF ±0.01	3.93^aF ±0.01	3.93^aF ±0.01	3.93^aE ±0,01
	4	3.97^cD ±0.01	3.99^cD ±0.01	3.97^cE ±0.01	4.18^aCDE ±0.01	4.06^bE ±0.01	4.08^bD ±0.02
	8	4.04^dC ±0.00	4.09^cC ±0.00	4.09^cD ±0.00	4.21^aBCD ±0.01	4.08^cDE ±0.00	4.13^bC ±0.02
	12	4.21^abB ±0.02	4.09^cC ±0.00	4.18^bC ±0.00	4.23^aB ±0.00	4.11^cCD ±0.01	4.22^aB ±0.00
	16	4.28^aA ±0.00	4.16^cA ±0.01	4.20^bBC ±0.01	4.28^aA ±0.00	4.22^bAB ±0.00	4.29^aA ±0.00
	20	4.29^abA ±0.01	4.12^dB ±0.00	4.20^cC ±0.01	4.18^cDE ±0.02	4.25^bA ±0.00	4.31^aA ±0.01
	24	4.28^aA ±0.00	4.18^dA ±0.00	4.23^bB ±0.01	4.16^dE ±0.00	4.21^cB ±0.00	4.23^bB ±0.00
	28	4.18^bB ±0.00	4.10^cBC ±0.01	4.27^aA ±0.01	4.17^bE ±0.01	4.09^cCD ±0.00	4.11^cCD ±0.00
	32	4.30^bcG ±0.01	4.18^aFG ±0.01	4.27^cEF ±0.00	4.22^bD ±0.01	4.12^aE ±0.00	4.20^bE ±0.00
TSS (°Brix)	0	4.00^aC ±0.00	4.00^aC ±0.00	4.00^aB ±0.00	4.00^aC ±0.00	4.00^aBC ±0.00	4.00^aB ±0.00
	4	4.00^abC ±0.00	3.93^bCD ±0.05	3.97^abB ±0.05	4.00^abC ±0.00	4.13^aAB ±0.09	3,97^abB ±0.05
	8	4.25^aB ±0.00	3.50^cE ±0.00	3.97^bB ±0.05	4.00^bC ±0.00	3.97^bC ±0.05	4.00^bB ±0.00
	12	3.75^cD ±0.00	3.83^bcD ±0.12	4.25^aA ±0.00	4.25^aB ±0.00	3.97^bC ±0.05	4.25^aA ±0.00
	16	4.00^cC ±0.00	4.50^aA ±0.00	4.00^cB ±0.00	4.23^bB ±0.02	4.25^bA ±0.00	3.97^cB ±0.05
	20	3.50^bE ±0.00	3.50^bE ±0.00	4.00^aB ±0.00	3.50^bD ±0.00	3.97^aC ±0.05	3.97^aB ±0.05
	24	3.75^aD ±0.00	3.25^aF ±0.00	3.75^aC ±0.00	4.00^aC ±0.00	3.75^aD ±0.00	3.75^aC ±0.00
	28	4.23^aB ±0.02	3.97^bCD ±0.05	3.75^cC ±0.00	3.97^bC ±0.05	3.97^bC ±0.05	4.25^aA ±0.00
	32	4.75^aA ±0.00	4.23^cB ±0.02	4.25^cA ±0.00	4.50^Ba ±0.00	4.25^cA ±0.00	4.25^cA ±0.00

Analysis	Time (Days)	Treatments
Analysis	Time (Days)	CT	A75	A100	PEC	P75	P100
L	0	50.26^abA ±1.55	48.68^bcA ±0.30	51.50^aA ±0.91	49.86^abcA ±0.88	48.54^cA ±1.60	49.83^abcA ±0.65
	4	47.15^abB ±2.22	47.29^abAB ±0.84	48.56^aB ±0.66	43.90^cCDE ±1.49	4521^bcB ±0.74	4764^aB ±1.66
	8	48.81^aAB ±0.86	45.20^bcCDE ±0.94	48.36^aB ±1.29	46.76^bB ±0.73	45.03^cBC ±0.77	46.51^bcBC ±1.24
	12	48.17^aAB ±0.87	46.02^bBC ±0.97	48.16^aB ±0.97	45.51^bBCD ±1.98	45.13^bBC ±1.17	45.91^bC ±1.06
	16	43.92^cC ±1.39	45.63^bCD ±0.86	47.40^aBC ±0.98	46.02^bBC ±0.74	44.73^bcBC ±0.39	45.83^bC ±0.36
	20	43.48^cC ±1.53	45.84^abBCD ±1.00	47.51^aBC ±1.02	45.60^bBC ±0.96	44.50^bcBC ±1.16	44.83^bcC ±0.53
	24	42.58^abC ±0.98	44.94^abCDE ±1.13	47.51^abCD ±0.72	43.87^bCDE ±1.42	43.20^bC ±1.55	45.55^aC ±1.33
	28	44.20^abC ±1.89	44.48^abDE ±0.76	44.54^abD ±1.18	43.23^bDE ±1.79	43.26^bBC ±0.99	46.19^aBC ±0.72
	32	42.75^bC ±1.14	43.99^abE ±0.84	45.64^aD ±0.93	42.82^bE ±1.59	44.48^abBC ±1.43	45.42^aC ±0.85
a*	0	2.06^aD ±0.76	2.87^aF ±0.96	2.22^aF ±0.41	2.30^aD ±1.07	2.71^aD ±0.92	2.30^aE ±0.54
	4	939^aCT ±1.00	5.79^bE ±0.71	3.28^cF ±0.72	5.45^bBC ±1.27	5.58^bC ±1.17	3.81^cDE ±0.99
	8	957^aBC ±1.15	6.59^bDE ±0.71	3.71^cEF ±0.61	4.60^cCD ±0.797	5.38^bcC ±1.40	4.48^cCDE ±1.49
	12	970^aBC ±0.35	7.17^bCDE ±1.49	3.66^cEF ±0.56	5.11^bBC ±1.97	6.93^bBC ±0.81	4.79^cCDE ±1.79
	16	1019^aBC ±0.68	8.16^bCD ±1.39	5.43^cDE ±0.35	5.38^cBC ±1.60	8.10^bAB ±0.60	5.59^cBCD ±1.60
	20	1054^aBC ±0.53	8.10^bCD ±1.36	6.10^bCD ±0.91	6.05^bBC ±1.65	8.07^bAB ±0.88	6.90^bABC ±2.11
	24	1027^aBC ±1.23	9.05^abBC ±0.81	7.80^bcBC ±2.39	6.06^cBC ±0.91	8.17^abcAB ±1.18	7.78^bcAB ±0.94
	28	1087^aB ±0.63	10.96^aAB ±1.76	9.15^abAB ±1.76	7.80^bAB ±2.29	9.00^abcA ±1.33	7.95^bAB ±0.93
	32	1249^aA ±0.44	11.21^abA ±1.09	9.98^abA ±1.05	9.19^bA ±1.99	9.18^bA ±1.21	8.86^bA ±2.71
b*	0	20.15^bD ±1.13	25.51^aABC ±1.41	22.34^bBC ±1.97	26.61^aABC ±0.73	22.21^bBC ±2.51	25.84^aB ±1.36
	4	22.85^cdABC ±1.22	26.30^abA ±2.05	20.29^dCD ±1.11	23.73^bcCD ±2.12	25.87^abA ±1.63	27.79^aAB ±2.64
	8	23.84^cAB ±0.97	19.97^dE ±1.03	22.76^cB ±0.88	30.22^aA ±1.06	23.86^cAB ±0.96	27.89^bAB ±2.54
	12	23.06^bcABC ±1.58	25.87^abAB ±1.20	25.52^abA ±1.84	26.74^aABC ±2.07	22.34^cBC ±2.87	27.96^aAB ±1.37
	16	22.67^cdABC ±0.70	23.90^bcBCD ±1.26	20.99^deBC ±0.75	25.32^bBC ±2.26	19.93^eC ±1.34	30.34^aA ±1.37
	20	25.01^abA ±2.75	23.23^bcCD ±1.78	22.77^bcB ±0.94	28.69^aAB ±1.65	20.51^cC ±1.16	28.94^aAB ±1.78
	24	21.07^bcCD ±1.04	2236^bD ±.24	21.45^bcBC ±.53	20.84^bcD ±2.63	20.02^eC ±1.13	28.80^aAB ±2.51
	28	21.84^bcBCD ±1.58	22.57^bD ±1.14	18.27^dD ±1.05	23.75^bCD ±2.76	19.40^cdC ±1.86	27.77^aAB ±1.09
	32	21.66^bBCD ±1.09	18.97^cE ±1.01	21.93^bBC ±0.65	24.22^bCD ±2.39	22.06^bBC ±2.51	28.92^aAB ±1.88
ΔE	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
	4	8.40	3.25	3.10	6.75	6.75	3.47
	8	8.49	5.70	3.53	3.83	5.31	4.60
	12	8.44	5.11	3.67	5.31	5.59	5.22
	16	10.61	6.25	5.25	4.90	6.53	7.05
	20	11.89	6.15	5.52	5.47	6.60	7.61
	24	11.50	7.58	7.73	7.07	7.48	7.72
	28	10.82	9.47	9.66	8.52	8.16	7.14
	32	12.93	10.00	9.84	9.79	7.70	8.64
h°	0	1.47^aA ±0.03	1.46^aA ±0.03	1.47^aA ±0.01	1.49^aA ±0.04	1.45^aA ±0.03	1.48^aA ±0.02
	4	1.182^cBC ±0.02	1.35^aA ±0.01	1.41^aA ±0.02	1.35^bCD ±0.03	1.36^bB ±0.03	1.44^aAB ±0.02
	8	1.19^dB ±0.03	1.25^aA ±0.02	1.41^aA ±0.02	1.42^aAB ±0.02	1.35^bB ±0.05	1.41^aB ±0.04
	12	1.17^cBC ±0.01	1.30^aA ±0.04	1.43^aA ±0.01	1.39^aBC ±0.06	1.27^bC ±0.02	1.40^aBC ±0.05
	16	1.15^dCD ±0.01	1.24^bB ±0.04	1.32^bB ±0.01	1.36^aBC ±0.04	1.18^dDE ±0.01	1.39^aBC ±0.04
	20	1.17^dBC ±0.27	1.24^bB ±0.03	1.31^bB ±0.03	1.37^aBC ±0.04	1.20^cdD ±0.02	1.34^abCD ±0.03
	24	1.12^dDE ±0.03	1.19^bcC ±0.03	1.23^bcC ±0.08	1.29^abDE ±0.01	1.18^cDE ±0.03	1.31^aD ±0.02
	28	1.11^bE ±0.01	1.12^bD ±0.05	1.11^bD ±0.08	1.26^aEF ±0.05	1.14^bE ±0.03	1.29^aD ±0.02
	32	1.05^dF ±0.01	1.04^cD ±0.02	1.14^cD ±0.03	1.21^bF ±0.04	1.18^bcDE ±0.02	1.28^aD ±0.07