Cachaça sold in polyethylene terephthalate packaging: Determination of the physical-chemical profile, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ethyl carbamate

Barbosa, Richard Bispo; Alvarenga, Gabriela Fontes; Ferreira, Vanuzia Rodrigues Fernandes; Santiago, Wilder Douglas; Nelson, David Lee; Cardoso, Maria das Graças

doi:10.1590/1413-7054202347007522

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Food Science and Technology • Ciênc. agrotec. 47 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202347007522 copy

Cachaça sold in polyethylene terephthalate packaging: Determination of the physical-chemical profile, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ethyl carbamate

Cachaça comercializada em embalagem de polietileno tereftalato: Determinação do perfil físico-químico, hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos e carbamato de etila

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The production of cachaça in Brazil is a historical and cultural practice that has been gaining ground in the commercial sector with the marketing of its product with new labels, derivatives and different types of packaging for the beverage. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) packaging has been used by some producers because of its lower cost and greater durability for transport. The influence of storage on 15 samples of commercial cachaça packed in polymeric packaging was investigated. The physical-chemical quality and the presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH’s) in the beverages were evaluated. Of these samples, 60% contained concentrations of components that were outside the limits of the Quality Standards established by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), and most of the samples contained low alcohol concentrations. The samples showed concentrations of ethyl carbamate below the limit established by MAPA (210 µg L^-1). All samples studied contained concentrations of PAHs higher than those found in the literature for cachaça stored in other types of packages. Contamination by PAHs can be associated with the thermal processes involved in the production of packages. Sample R12 contained the highest total concentration of the PAHs (20.90 µg L^-1), followed by samples R7 (17.23 µg L^-1) and R8 (17.61 µg L^-1). The mean concentration was 10.91 µg L^-1. Fluorene was the PAH found in the largest quantity with a concentration of 18.61 µg L^-1 in the R12 sample. Therefore, cachaças stored in PET packaging are unsuitable for consumption and commercialization, as they present high concentrations of contaminants.

Index terms:
Beverage; contaminants; PET.

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: mcardoso@ufla.br

	Methanol mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Butan-1-ol mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Butan-2-ol mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Propan-1-ol mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	2-Methyl-propanol mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	3-Methyl-butan-1-ol mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Sum of higher alcohols mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.
R1	<LD	0.61 ± 0.07^c	<LD	53.28 ± 0.34^d	68.45 ± 0.22^b	154.21 ± 0.70^b	275.93 ± 1.26^c
R2	<LD	0.36 ± 0.02^e	<LD	56.06 ± 0.18^c	64.95 ± 0.99^c	167.06 ± 0.65^b	288.07 ± 1.81^b
R3	6.70 ± 0.25^a	0.05 ± 0.01^g	24.48 ± 0.50^a	44.11 ± 0.72^e	19.57 ± 0.16^j	9.16 ± 0.35^g	72.83 ± 0.90^m
R4	<LD	0.85 ± 0.01^a	<LD	44.44 ± 0.13^e	53.20 ± 0.22^f	159.72 ± 1.00^b	257.36 ± 1.35^f
R5	<LD	0.38 ± 0.05^e	19.53 ± 0.23^b	98.61 ± 0.10^a	53.35 ± 0.47^f	116.21 ± 0.57^d	268.17 ± 0.94^d
R6	<LD	0.64 ± 0.06^d	<LD	33.18 ± 0.02ⁱ	68.45 ± 0.22ⁱ	93.62 ± 0.84^e	152.68 ± 0.88^j
R7	<LD	0.53 ± 0.24^e	2.55 ± 0.05^e	42.11 ± 0.07^f	64.95 ± 0.99^h	58.83 ± 0.44^f	137.99 ± 0.56^k
R8	<LD	0.11 ± 0.18^f	<LD	68.69 ± 0.63^b	19.57 ± 0.16^f	143.63 ± 0.49^c	264.37 ± 0.22^e
R9	<LD	0.70 ± 0.01^b	8.82 ± 0.15^c	44.16 ± 1.16^e	53.20 ± 0.22^a	198.28 ± 0.02^a	321.86 ± 0.13^a
R10	<LD	0.86 ± 0.01^a	<LD	54.13 ± 0.25^d	53.35 ± 0.47^h	123.88 ± 0.90^d	215.05 ± 1.51^h
R11	<LD	0.07 ± 0.01^g	2.40 ± 0.17^e	39.83 ± 0.68^g	25.88 ± 0.06^h	54.69 ± 0.42^e	130.33 ± 0.45^k
R12	<LD	0.09 ± 0.01^g	3.34 ± 0.01^d	44.37 ± 0.11^e	37.05 ± 0.19^h	59.03 ± 0.02^e	140.51 ± 0.13^l
R13	<LD	0.43 ± 0.02^e	<LD	36.76 ± 0.85^h	52.06 ± 0.07^e	154.39 ± 0.01^b	247.27 ± 1.23^g
R14	<LD	0.32 ± 0.02^e	<LD	41.92 ± 0.65^f	79.43 ± 1.05^g	93.56 ± 0.29^e	178.96 ± 1.61ⁱ
R15	<LD	0.56 ± 0.02^d	<LD	54.64 ± 0.14^d	37.05 ± 0.36^d	155.42 ± 1.65^b	269.36 ± 1.31^d
Legislation	20.00	3.00	10.00	-	-	-	360.00

	Ethanol conc. % v/v ethanol at 20 °C	Aldehydes mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Furfural mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Volatile acidity mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Copper mg L^-1	Esters mg 100 mL^-1 a.a.	Dry extract g L^-1	Ethyl carbamate µg L^-1
R1	39.23 ± 0.06^b	18.58 ± 0.03^d	<LD	22.34 ± 0.03^f	0.13 ± 0.01^g	21.85 ± 0.03^d	15.89 ± 0.05^b	57.20 ± 0.88^c
R2	39.44 ± 0.05^b	14.84 ± 0.30^f	<LD	29.63 ± 0.03^d	0.31 ± 0.01^f	21.73 ± 0.02^d	0.88 ± 0.01^g	77.80 ± 0.24^a
R3	35.52 ± 0.04^e	6.69 ± 0.16^k	<LD	18.51 ± 2.08^g	0.19 ± 0.01^g	18.10 ± 1.23^e	0.10 ± 0.01^h	18.31 ± 0.10^g
R4	38.53 ± 0.05^d	10.89 ± 0.01^j	<LD	26.54 ± 0.03^e	0.80 ± 0.02^e	26.70 ± 0.03^c	0.04 ± 0.01^h	8.31 ± 0.40^j
R5	36.45 ± 0.02^e	26.82 ± 0.14^a	1.97 ± 0.05^b	262.55 ± 2.11ª	4.03 ± 0.01^a	119.93 ± 0.05^a	1.17 ± 0.01^g	<LD
R6	38.30 ± 0.05^d	13.84 ± 0.02^h	1.77 ± 0.10^c	70.57 ± 2.00^b	2.90 ± 0.04^b	45.87 ± 1.06^b	2.26 ± 0.01^f	<LD
R7	25.73 ± 0.03^j	17.17 ± 0.02^e	5.08 ± 0.07^a	45.42 ± 0.05^c	1.07 ± 0.01^d	29.98 ± 0.03^c	3.57 ± 0.01^d	37.24 ± 0.13^f
R8	27.88 ± 0.13ⁱ	11.88 ± 0.06ⁱ	<LD	68.12 ± 0.32^b	0.31 ± 0.01^f	29.20 ± 1.40^c	0.07 ± 0.01^h	<LQ
R9	32.01 ± 0.12^f	22.43 ± 0.26^b	<LD	70.75 ± 2.55^b	2.26 ± 0.15^c	33.47 ± 1.46^c	0.02 ± 0.01^h	51.57 ± 1.46^d
R10	31.99 ± 0.01^f	11.05 ± 0.01^j	<LD	27.40 ± 0.01^e	0.08 ± 0.02^h	26.79 ± 0.01^c	0.07 ± 0.02^h	11.59 ± 0.53ⁱ
R11	27.64 ± 0.11ⁱ	14.38 ± 0.06^g	<LD	31.71 ± 0.13^d	1.00 ± 0.01^d	29.45 ± 1.43^c	0.08 ± 0.01^h	37.43 ± 0.13^f
R12	29.24 ± 0.04^h	13.60 ± 0.02^h	<LD	24.98 ± 0.03^e	1.11 ± 0.07^d	30.77 ± 1.42^c	2.62 ± 0.01^e	47.53 ± 0.20^e
R13	40.00 ± 0.21^a	14.36 ± 0.08^g	<LD	27.40 ± 1.97^e	0.39 ± 0.01^f	27.85 ± 0.15^c	28.68 ± 0.09^a	13.2 ± 0.30^h
R14	31.07 ± 0.04^g	7.11 ± 0.01^k	<LD	23.51 ± 0.03^f	0.13 ± 0.01^g	30.34 ± 2.71^c	0.14 ± 0.01^h	6.73 ± 0.60^k
R15	38.94 ± 0.02^c	21.27 ± 0.27^c	0.61 ± 0.01^d	23.51 ± 0.03^e	0.18 ± 0.02^g	24.21 ± 2.21^d	14.76 ± 0.38^c	61.44 ± 0.22^b
Legislation	38-48	30,00	5,00	150,00	5,00	200,00	-	210,00

	Naphthalene	Acenaphthylene	Fluorene	Phenanthrene	Anthracene	Fluoranthene	Pyrene	Benzo (a) anthracene	Acefenanthylene	Benzo(a)pyrene	Sum of the PAHs
R1	0.26 ± 0.01^g	1.34 ± 0.01^e	<LQ	0.60 ± 0.01^c	<LD	<LQ	3.25 ± 0.02^a	0.86 ± 0.01^b	2.84 ± 0.06^a	<LD	9.15^h
R2	<LQ	7.51 ± 0.01^b	0.84 ± 0.01ⁱ	1.56 ± 0.11^b	<LD	<LD	1.74 ± 0.02^b	0.67 ± 0.02^c	0.98 ± 0.01^h	<LD	13.31^e
R3	<LD	0.87 ± 0.01^g	3.09 ±0.02^h	0.54 ± 0.01^d	<LD	<LD	<LQ	<LD	0.71 ± 0.01^j	<LD	5.21^k
R4	0.09 ± 0.01^h	<LD	<LQ	0.12 ± 0.01^f	<LD	<LQ	0.52 ± 0.01^d	<LD	<LQ	<LD	0.73^l
R5	<LD	5.39 ± 0.11^c	7.39 ± 0.04^c	<LD	<LD	<LQ	<LD	0.53 ± 0.02^d	0.97 ± 0.01^h	<LD	14.29^d
R6	<LD	7.70 ± 0.13^a	3.57 ± 0.05^g	<LD	<LD	<LQ	<LD	<LD	1.47 ± 0.04^e	<LD	12.75^f
R7	<LD	<LD	15.98 ± 0.11^b	<LD	<LD	<LD	<LQ	<LD	1.24 ± 0.03^f	<LD	17.23^c
R8	2.97 ± 0.05^b	1.12 ± 0.04^f	6.48 ± 0.05^d	<LQ	<LD	<LQ	0.37 ± 0.01^e	2.47 ± 0.03^a	2.21 ± 0.01^d	1.99 ± 0.04^a	17.61^b
R9	4.72 ± 0.04^a	2.35 ± 0.08^d	0.65 ± 0.02^j	0.49 ± 0.02^e	<LD	1.12 ± 0.03^b	0.87 ± 0.01^c	2.63 ± 0.01^a	2.49 ± 0.02^b	1.71 ± 0.02^b	17.02^c
R10	0.25 ± 0.02^f	0.57 ± 0.09^h	5.53 ± 0.06^e	1.78 ± 0.01^a	<LD	0.26 ± 0.01^d	<LD	<LD	1.07 ± 0.01^g	1.46 ± 0.01^c	10.91^g
R11	0.37 ± 0.01^e	0.29 ± 0.03^j	4.55 ± 0.03^f	<LD	<LD	<LQ	<LQ	<LD	0.43 ± 0.22ⁿ	0.62 ± 0.01^e	6.26^j
R12	0.25 ± 0.01^f	<LD	18.61 ± 0.04^a	<LD	<LD	<LQ	<LD	<LD	0.86 ± 0.01ⁱ	1.17 ± 0.01^d	20.90^a
R13	<LQ	<LD	<LD	<LD	<LD	<LD	0.27 ± 0.02^f	<LD	0.47 ± 0.01ⁿ	<LD	0.74^l
R14	0.68 ± 0.01^d	0.53 ± 0.02ⁱ	3.11 ± 0.05^h	<LD	<LD	<LQ	<LQ	<LD	0.97 ± 0.01^h	<LD	5.28^k
R15	1.24 ± 0.02^c	<LQ	<LD	<LD	<LD	1.68 ± 0.04^a	3.01 ± 0.03^a	0.69 ± 0.02^c	0.43 ± 0.01^h	<LD	7.05ⁱ
LD	0.06	0.08	0.19	0.11	0.16	0.07	0.08	0.13	0.09	0.17	-
LQ	0.21	0.27	0.62	0.36	0.54	0.24	0.27	0.45	0.29	0.57	-