Extraction of antioxidant and antimicrobial phytochemicals from corn stigma: a promising alternative to valorization of agricultural residues

Boeira, Caroline Pagnossim; Flores, Déborah Cristina Barcelos; Lucas, Bruna Nichelle; Santos, Daniel; Flores, Erico Marlon Moraes; Reis, Frederico Luiz; Morandini, Liziane Maria Barassuol; Morel, Ademir Farias; Rosa, Claudia Severo da

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210535

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food technology • Cienc. Rural 52 (9) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210535 copy

Extraction of antioxidant and antimicrobial phytochemicals from corn stigma: a promising alternative to valorization of agricultural residues

Extração de fitoquímicos antioxidantes e antimicrobianos do estigma do milho: uma alternativa promissora para valorização de resíduos agrícolas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The discovery of new natural additives from agro-industrial waste is considered an important research topic. This study investigated the feasibility of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from corn stigma (CS) and the effect of independent variables (time and solid-solvent ratio) and their interaction in the extraction of CS. Results indicated that the UAE method increases the antioxidant activity and reduces the extraction time by 67%. Optimized conditions for the simultaneous extraction of antioxidants and polyphenols from CS were obtained using 5 min and a solid-solvent ratio of 0.05 g mL^-1. The CS extract obtained by UAE was characterized by ESI-ToF-MS and 27 phytochemicals were reported. The extract showed promising antifungal and antibacterial activities against 23 of the studied microorganisms. Therefore, the CS extract obtained by the UAE can be used as a source of bioactive and antimicrobial compounds for use as a functional ingredient in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Key words:
corn stigma; ultrasound-assisted extraction; antifungal activity; antibacterial activity

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: carolinepagnossim@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author

	--------------------------------------Coded variables levels-------------------------------------------
Runs	X₁ (min)	X₂ (g mL^-1)
1	5 (-1)	0.05 (-1)
2	15 (1)	0.05 (-1)
3	5 (-1)	0.1 (1)
4	15 (1)	0.1 (1)
5	10 (0)	0.075 (0)
6	10 (0)	0.075 (0)
7	10 (0)	0.075 (0)

	-------------------------------------------------------------------------Analytical results----------------------------------------------------------------------
	------------------Shaking extraction (SE)---------------------				--------------Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)-------------------
Runs	TPC (mg GAE g^-1)		ORAC (µmol Trolox g^-1)		TPC (mg GAE g^-1)	ORAC (µmol Trolox g^-1)
1	47.14±1.58		68.18±0.83		65.31±2.25	124.44±1.43
2	57.20±1.58		80.82±1.29		50.03±1.09	72.49±0.89
3	32.07±2.12		38.06±0.92		45.82±1.44	65.84±1.12
4	39.79±0.92		43.71 ±0.33		37.73±1.45	33.64 ±1.37
5	50.24±0.58		46.27±0.84		48.57±0.44	62.73±0.78
6	50.17±0.44		46.81±1.12		48.05±2.54	61.76±0.92
7	50.20±0.94		46.99±0.94		49.46±0.29	61.16±0.64
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Effects---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	---------Shaking extraction (SE)----------			------------------Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)---------------
	---------------------TPC---------------------			-------------------------------------TPC------------------------------------
	Effect	Standard Error	P	Effect	Standard Error	P
Mean/Interaction	46.689	0.014	< 0.001^*	49.287	0.269	< 0.001^*
(X₁) Time	8.889	0.037	< 0.001^*	-11.680	0.711	0.003^*
(X₂) Solid-solvent ratios	-16.239	0.037	< 0.001^*	-15.891	0.711	0.002^*
X₁ by X₂	-1.1670	0.037	0.001^*	3.597	0.711	0.036^*
---------------------------------R² = 0.841------------------------------------				-----------------------------------R² = 0.993-------------------------------
------------------------------Adj-R² = 0.682---------------------------------				--------------------------------Adj-R² = 0.986-----------------------------
----------------------------------ORAC---------------------------------------				------------------------------------ORAC----------------------------------
	Effect	Standard Error	P	Effect	Standard Error	P
Mean/Interaction	52.980	0.142	< 0.001^*	68.865	0.299	< 0.001^*
(X₁) Time	9.149	0.376	0.001^*	-42.075	0.792	< 0.001^*
(X₂) Solid-solvent ratios	-33.613	0.376	< 0.001^*	-48.725	0.792	< 0.001^*
X₁ by X₂	-3.494	0.376	0.011^*	9.875	0.792	0.006 ^*
----------------------------------R² = 0.854----------------------------------				---------------------------------R² = 0.942------------------------------
-------------------------------Adj-R² = 0.709-------------------------------- --				-------------------------------Adj-R² = 0.885--------------------------

No.	Experimental mass (m/z)	Theorical mass (m/z)	Error (ppm)	Possible molecular structure	Compounds	Classification
------------------------------------------------------------------Positive mode [M+H]⁺------------------------------------------------------------------------
1	629.1295	629.1280	2.4	C₃₃H₂₅O₁₃	Acremoxanthone D	Phenolic
2	589.4257	589.4248	1.5	C₃₉H₅₆O₄	Lupeol caffeate	Terpene
3	543.1350	543.1344	1.1	C₂₃H₂₇O₁₅	5,6-O-β-D-Diglucopyranosylangelicin	Flavonoid
4	531.2383	531.2401	3.4	C₃₂H₃₅O₇	Nardoaristolone A	Terpene
5	465.2125	465.2111	3.0	C₂₄H₃₃O₉	Caesalpinin MH	Alkaloid
6	381.0822	381.0801	5.5	C₁₇H₁₇O₁₀	Unknown phenolic glycoside	Phenolic
7	333.1855	333.1832	6.9	C₂₃H₂₅O₂	((3-(Benzyloxy)propoxy)methylene) dibenzene	Other compound
8	293.0661	293.0656	1.7	C₁₄H₁₃O₇	Planchol E	Phenolic
9	156.0421				Valine	Amino acid
-------------------------------------------------------------------Negative mode [M-H]^-----------------------------------------------------------------------
10	607.1630	607.1604	4.3	C₃₅H₂₇O₁₀	Australisine A	Terpene
11	575.1401	575.1394	1.2	C₂₇H₂₇O₁₄	Luteolin-8-C-6″deoxy-3″-hexoside-2″-O-ramnoside	Flavonoid
12	563.1401	563.1381	3.4	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₄	Schaftoside	Flavonoid
13	439.0877	439.0890	3.0	C₁₉H₂₀O₁₂	1-propanedioic acid-4-caffeoylquinic acid	Organic acid
14	411.0716	411.0741	6.1	C₂₁H₁₄O₉	Acetone adduct from polyozellic acid	Other compound
15	383.3525	383.3532	1.8	C₂₄H₄₈O₃	DL-Cerebronic acid	Fatty acid
16	367.3576	367.3545	7.8	C₂₄H₄₈O₂	Tetracosanoic acid	Fatty acid
17	341.1084	341.1076	2.3	C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁	Disaccharides	Carbohydrate
18	327.2899	327.2909	3.1	C₂₀H₃₉O₃	Ethyl 2-Acetylhexadecanoate	Other compound
19	311.2222	311.2237	4.9	C₁₈H₃₂O₄	(Z)-6-Hydroxy-4-oxo-octadec-11-enoic acid	Fatty acid
20	293.2117	293.2116	0.3	C₁₈H₃₀O₃	9-oxo-10E,12Z octadecadienoic acid	Fatty acid
21	279.2324	279.2344	7.2	C₁₈H₂O₂	Linoleic acid	Fatty acid
22	255.2324	255.2316	3.1	C₁₆H₃₂O₂	Palmitic acid	Fatty acid
23	195.0505	195.0506	0.5	C₆H₁₂O₇	2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanoic acid	Organic acid
24	191.0192	191.0185	3.7	C₆H₈O₇	Citric acid	Organic acid
25	173.0086	173.0100	8.0	C₆H₅O₆	Trans-Acotinic Acid	Organic acid
26	165.0399	165.0413	8.0	C₅H₉O₆	D-xylonate	Organic acid
27	133.0137	133.0146	6.8	C₄H₆O₅	Malic acid	Organic acid

Bacteria	---------------------------------Fractions (MIC 50/MLC μg mL⁻¹)-----------------------------------
	-------------Extract-----------		------Chloramphenicol-----		------------Ampicillin-----------
	MIC	MLC	MIC	MLC	MIC	MLC
Gram positive
Bacillus cereus	62.5	500	3.12	12.5	200	200
Bacillus subtilis	62.5	>500	6.25	50	100	200
Staphylococcus aureus	125	500	1.56	6.25	200	200
Enterococcus fecalis	62.5	>500	3.12	12.5	1.56	12.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Gram negative---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	125	>500	3.12	12.5	50	200
Shigella flexneri	125	>500	1.56	3.12	12.5	200
Proteus mirabilis	250	>500	6.25	25	25	200
Escherichia coli	62.5	500	3.12	100	200	200
Shigella sonnei	62.5	500	1.56	3.12	25	200
Salmonella typhimurium	62.5	500	3.12	200	200	200
Salmonella enteritidis	125	>500	1.56	12.5	3.12	100
Klebsiella pneumoniae	125	500	6.25	200	100	200
Morganella morganii	62.5	500	6.25	50	200	200
Enterobacter aerogenes	125	>500	1.56	12.5	200	200
Fungal	---------------------------------Fractions (MIC 50/MLC μg mL⁻¹)-----------------------------------
	-------------Extract-----------		----------Fluconazole--------		-------------Nystati--------------
	MIC	MLC	MIC	MLC	MIC	MLC
Candida albicans	125	500	25	100	50	100
Candida parapslosis	250	>500	1.56	25	1.56	100
Candida krusei	125	500	25	200	12.5	50
Candida tropicalis	500	500	50	200	100	200
Cryptococcus neoformans	125	500	3.12	12.5	25	100
Cryptococcus gatti	125	500	3.12	25	25	100
Candida dubliniensis	250	>500	3.12	12.5	50	100
Candida glabrata	500	>500	3.12	200	50	100
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	250	>500	1.56	25	1.56	3.12