Social and environmental factors in the diversity of tomato landraces from the South-Central region of Mexico

Moreno-Ramírez, Yolanda del Rocio; Hernández-Bautista, Aurelio; Ramírez-Vallejo, Porfirio; Castillo-Gónzalez, Fernando; Rocandio-Rodríguez, Mario; Vanoye-Eligio, Venancio; Mora-Ravelo, Sandra Grisell

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20180514

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CROP PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 49 (5) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180514 copy

Social and environmental factors in the diversity of tomato landraces from the South-Central region of Mexico

Influência de fatores sociais e ambientais na diversidade de variedades crioulas de tomateiro da região Centro-Sul do México

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

In the present study, we investigated the influence of social and environmental factors in the genetic diversity of tomato landraces in the South-Central region of Mexico. A total of 30 tomato landraces, collected in 18 villages with different ethnolinguistic affiliations, were analyzed. We reported that the genetic diversity of tomato landraces is associated with the ethnolinguistic group, weather, and soil-type present in the region studied. Our results showed that there are morphological differences between landraces grown by different ethnolinguistic groups; however, there was also evidence of morphological similarities between landraces from groups with different ethnolinguistic affiliations. Finally, different selection criteria, mainly fruit color, size and shape, plays an important role in the phenotypic divergence among landraces grown in different traditional farming systems.

Key words:
ethnolinguistic diversity; native populations; weather; elevation; soil.

Authorship

Yolanda del Rocio Moreno-Ramírez

Postgrado en Genética. Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de México, México.Postgrado en Genética. Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS)MéxicoTexcoco, Edo. de México, MéxicoPostgrado en Genética. Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de México, México.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-1471

Aurelio Hernández-Bautista

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-0178

Porfirio Ramírez-Vallejo

Fernando Castillo-Gónzalez

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3169-3789

Mario Rocandio-Rodríguez

Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT), División del Golfo 356, C.P. 87019, Col. Libertad, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT)MexicoVictoria, Tamaulipas, MexicoInstituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT), División del Golfo 356, C.P. 87019, Col. Libertad, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8296-0843

Venancio Vanoye-Eligio

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-3208

Sandra Grisell Mora-Ravelo

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-4811

E-mail: mrocandio@docentes.uat.edu.mx. ^*Corresponding autor.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Moreno-Ramírez, Y.d.R., Hernández-Bautista, A. performed the experiment, analyzed data and wrote the paper; Ramírez-Vallejo P. analyzed data and wrote the paper; Rocandio-Rodríguez, M. planned the research, designed and performed the experiment, analyzed data and wrote the paper; Castillo-González, F., Vanoye-Eligio, V. analyzed data and critically reviewed the paper; Mora-Ravelo, S.G. critically reviewed the paper. The final version of the manuscript was reviewed and approved by all authors

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (3)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Geographical location of sampled tomato landraces. Each landrace or population is represented with a figure shape, according to the ethnolinguistic origin.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Population structure of tomato landraces based on the combined analysis of fruit and flower traits (A), analysis of fruit traits (B), and analysis of flower traits (C).

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Figure 3
Grouping of landraces of Solanum lycopersicum considering fruit and flower traits (A), fruit traits (B), and flower traits (C).

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Table 1
General description of the selection criteria used by growers, use of production and seed source.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Permutational multivariate analysis of variance for fruit and flower traits.

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Table 3
Comparison of groups detected by the clustering analysis under UPGMA criteria.

Figure 1 Geographical location of sampled tomato landraces. Each landrace or population is represented with a figure shape, according to the ethnolinguistic origin.

Figure 2 Population structure of tomato landraces based on the combined analysis of fruit and flower traits (A), analysis of fruit traits (B), and analysis of flower traits (C).

Figure 3 Grouping of landraces of Solanum lycopersicum considering fruit and flower traits (A), fruit traits (B), and flower traits (C).

Table 1 General description of the selection criteria used by growers, use of production and seed source.

	---------------------------------Ethnolinguistic affiliation--------------------------------
Characteristic	Otomi	Nahuatl	Maya	Zapoteco	Mexicano
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Origin of seed (%)----------------------------------------------------------------
Own fruits	80	80	91	75	80
Local marketing	20	20	9	25	20
------------------------------------------------------------------Selection criteria used by growers (%)-----------------------------------------------------
Fruit shape	100	100	100	100	100
Exocarp thickness	60	20	9	0	0
Color	80	20	0	0	0
Difficult to remove the exocarp	100	20	45	0	0
Firmness	0	0	64	100	0
Other	20	0	0	0	0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Use of production (%)----------------------------------------------------------
Self-Consumption	54	60	61	8	56
Local sale	46	40	39	92	44

Table 2 Permutational multivariate analysis of variance for fruit and flower traits.

SV	Df	Sum of squares	Mean squares	F	R²	Pr(>F)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Combined analysis----------------------------------------------------------------
Ethnolinguistic affiliation	4	0.48734	0.12184	32.547	0.51926	0.0001
Elevation	2	0.00829	0.00414	1.107	0.00883	0.3509
Weather	4	0.04156	0.01039	2.775	0.04428	0.0025
Soil type	7	0.13182	0.018831	5.031	0.14045	0.0001
Residuals	72	0.26952	0.00374		0.28718
Total	89	0.93853			1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Analysis for fruit traits------------------------------------------------------------
Ethnolinguistic affiliation	4	0.73808	0.18452	37.011	0.55429	0.0001
Elevation	2	0.00875	0.00437	0.877	0.00657	0.482
Weather	4	0.05284	0.01321	2.649	0.03968	0.0071
Soil type	7	0.17296	0.02471	4.956	0.12989	0.0001
Residuals	72	0.35896	0.00499		0.26958
Total	89	1.33159			1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Analysis for flower traits-----------------------------------------------------------
Ethnolinguistic affiliation	4	0.05152	0.01288	7.9269	0.21123	0.0001
Elevation	2	0.00648	0.00324	1.9939	0.02657	0.0845
Weather	4	0.02382	0.00595	3.664	0.09763	0.0006
Soil type	7	0.04511	0.00644	3.9655	0.18492	0.0001
Residuals	72	0.117	0.00163		0.47965
Total	89	0.24393			1

Table 3 Comparison of groups detected by the clustering analysis under UPGMA criteria.

	---------Cluster 1^a----------			---------Cluster 2---------			------------General----------
Trait							----------Population--------
	Mean		SD	Mean		SD	Mean	SD
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fruit traits---------------------------------------------------------------------
Average fruit weight (g)	16.62	b^b	5.58	55.33	a	12.59	41.14	21.66
Locule number	6.09		0.77	6.00		1.44	6.03	1.22
Fruit diameter (mm)	40.13	b	9.20	47.91	a	7.67	45.06	8.96
Fruit length (mm)	25.70	b	4.71	35.22	a	8.05	31.73	8.35
Pericarp thickness (mm)	4.44		0.69	5.17		1.21	4.90	1.10
Luminosity	30.45		2.60	30.78		2.45	30.66	2.46
Hue	0.56		0.08	0.56		0.12	0.56	0.10
Chroma	20.51		1.80	21.05		2.56	20.86	2.29
Fruit shape index	1.58	a	0.15	1.40	b	0.22	1.46	0.22
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Flower traits--------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of sepals	7.14		0.62	6.81		0.65	7.00	0.65
Number of petals	7.17		0.64	6.80		0.64	7.01	0.66
Length of petals (mm)	16.52		1.38	16.40		1.77	16.47	1.53
Length of sepals (mm)	13.45		2.11	13.55		2.29	13.50	2.15
Length of the flower style (mm)	10.19		0.84	10.36		0.79	10.26	0.81
Length of staminal column (mm)	9.81		0.88	9.65		0.53	9.74	0.74

^agrouping based on the combined analysis.
^bGroups sharing the same letter are not statistically different, using p <0.05 for the Tukey test.

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Social and environmental factors in the diversity of tomato landraces from the South-Central region of Mexico

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[1] E-mail: mrocandio@docentes.uat.edu.mx. ^*Corresponding autor.