Generational succession in agriculture: academic debate and scientific trends

Boscardin, Mariele; Breitenbach, Raquel; Vaz, Fabiano Nunes

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20220363

ABSTRACT:

The present study, detailed a survey of the academic debate and scientific trends regarding generational succession in agriculture. Hence this study is categorized under quantitative and qualitative bibliometric research. For this research, the Scopus database was accessed to identify scientific articles from publications between the years 2010 and 2021. The search, which included keywords like “successors” and “farm^*”, resulted in 57 relevant articles. For the study, eleven thematic categories were selected, viz., Factors that influence generational succession; Gender issues in generational succession; Educational aspects in succession; Coping strategies in relation to the future of rural properties and utilization of agricultural land; Succession planning; Issues related to the dairy farming activity and the presence of successors; The role of rural youth in the succession; Socioeconomic effects on rural properties from the presence of successors; Agricultural transfers to “new” farmers; Emotional and belonging aspects in generational transfer; and Relationships and perceptions of non-successors with respect to rural property and succession. However, the factors that affect generational renewal and gender issues in generational succession are the themes that recur most often in the research. Europe is in the forefront in terms of research on succession, and reveals new research pathways and is on the frontline for the development of public policies on generational succession in agriculture. Finally, the other emerging themes were observed to be those which dealt with the relationship that exists between the emotional aspects and succession, as well as agricultural transfers to “new” farmers.

Key words:
rural development; aging; rural youth; rural migration

[1] E-mail: marieleboscardin@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.

Journal	WOMEN	Country
Land Use Policy	10	England
Journalof Rural Studies	6	England
SociologiaRuralis	5	Netherlands
Agriculture	3	Switzerland
EuroChoices	3	England
Sustainability	3	Switzerland
Canadian Journal of Development Studies	2	Canada

Institution	WOMEN	Country
University of Exeter	4	England
Chiba University	3	Japan
Indiana University	3	USA
National University of Ireland	3	Ireland
Queen’s University Belfast	3	Northern Ireland
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences	3	Sweden
UniversityCollege Dublin	3	Ireland

Main thematic categories	Countries where surveys were conducted	Authors
Factors that influence generational succession (14 articles)	Brazil; Italy; Pakistan; Netherlands; England; Sweden; Romania; Bulgaria; Slovenia; Scotland; England; Spain	MORAIS et al. (2017MORAIS, M. et al. Identifying beliefs underlying successors’intention to take over the farm. Land Use Policy, v.68, p.48-58, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.024 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.201... ); MORAIS et al. (2018)MORAIS, M. et al. Using the reasoned action 1’approach to understand Brazilian successors intention to take over the farm. Land Use Policy v.71, p.445-452, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.002 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.201... ; CAVICCHIOLI et al. (2018CAVICCHIOLI, D. et al. Farm succession at a crossroads: the interaction among farm characteristics, labour market conditions, and gender and birth order effects. Journal of Rural Studies. 61, 73-83. 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jrurstud.2018.06.002 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j. jrurstud.2018.06.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jrurstud.2018... ); PESSOTTO et al. (2019)PESSOTTO, A. P. et al. Factors influencing intergenerational succession in family farm businesses in Brazil. Land Use Policy. v.87, September 2019, 104045. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104045 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.201... ; SHAHZAD et al. (2021SHAHZAD, M. A. et al. Factors Affecting FarmSuccession and Occupational Choicesof Nominated Farm Successors in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Agriculture, 2021, 11, 1203. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121203 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11121203. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121... ); CAVICCHIOLI et al. (2015)CAVICCHIOLI, D. et al. What factors encourage intrafamily farm succession in mountain areas? Mountain Research and Development, v.35, n.2, p.152-160, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-14-00107.1 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-14-00107.1. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-14... ; COOPMANS et al. (2021COOPMANS, I. et al. Understanding farm generational renewal and its influencing factors in Europe. Journal of Rural Studies. v.86, Aug 2021, Pages 398-409. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.023 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022: doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.... ); ABDALA et al. (2021ABDALA, R. G. et al. Family farm succession: evidence from absorptive capacity, social capital, and socioeconomic aspects. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, v.60, 2021. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2021.235777 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1590/1806-9479.2021.235777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2021... ); KERBLER (2010KERBLER, B. The role and importance of owners’ perceptions and opinions in preserving continuity between generations on Slovenian mountain farms. Acta geographica Slovenica, v.50, n.1, p.35-58, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS50102 >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.3986/AGS50102. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS50102... ; 2012KERBLER, B. Factors affecting farm succession: the case of Slovenia. Agricultural Economics, v.58, n.6, p.285-298, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.17221/47/2011-AGRICECON >. 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Gender issues in generational succession (7 articles)	Australia; Ireland; England; Estonia; Brazil.	LUHRS (2016LUHRS, D. E. Consider the daughters, they are important to family farms and rural communities too: family-farm succession. Gender, Place & Culture, v.23, n.8, p.1078-1092, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2015.1090405 >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.1080/0966369X.2015.1090405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2015.10... ); BALAINE (2019BALAINE, L. Gender and the preservation off Family Farming in Ireland. v.18, n.3, p.33-37, Dec. 2019. Euro Choices. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12242 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1111/1746-692X.12242. https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12242... ); GLOVER (2014)GLOVER, J. L. Gender, power and succession in family farm business. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2012-0006 >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.1108/IJGE-01-2012-0006. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2012-000... ; GRUBBSTRÖM& SOOVÄLI-SEPPING (2012GRUBBSTRÖM, A.; SOOVÄLI-SEPPING, H. Estonian family farms in transition: a study of intangible assets and gender issues in generational succession. Journal of Historical Geography, v.38, n.3, Jul. 2012, p.329-339. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2012.03.001 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022: doi: 10.1016/j.jhg.2012.03.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2012.03.00... ); BARBOSA et al. (2020BARBOSA, R. A. et al. Using Q-methodology to identify rural women’s viewpoint on succession of family farms. Land Use Policy, v.92, Mar. 2020, 104489. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104489 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.202... ); BREITENBACH & CORAZZA (2020BREITENBACH, R.; CORAZZA, G. Jovens Rurais Do Rio Grande Do Sul/Brasil: Questões De Gênero Na Sucessão Geracional. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, v.16, n.3, 2020. Available: <Available: https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/rbgdr/article/view/5889 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.54399/rbgdr.v16i3.5889. https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/... ); ARENDS-KUENNING et al. (2021ARENDS-KUENNING, M. et al. Gender, education, and farm succession in Western Paraná State, Brazil. Land Use Policy. v.107, August 2021, 105453. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105453 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.202... ).
Educational aspects in succession (7 articles)	Japan; Ireland; Malaysia; China.	AH (2014; 2015; 2018); POEM (2017); FROMM (2012); SAMA & QAIM (2011); SHEN et al. (2021).
Coping strategies regarding the future of rural properties and use of agricultural land (6 articles)	Sweden; China; Pakistan; Ireland; Thailand; Ireland.	GRUBBSTROM & ERIKSSON (2018GRUBBSTRÖM, A.; ERIKSSON, C. Retired farmers and new land users: how relations to land and people influence farmers’ land transfer decisions. Sociologia Ruralis, v.58, n.4, p.707-725, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322898652_Retired_Farmers_and_New_Land_Users_How_Relations_to_Land_and_People_Influence_Farmers’_Land_Transfer_Decisions >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.1111/soru.12209. https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ); ZOU et al. (2018ZOU, B. et al. Aging population, farm succession, and farmland usage: Evidence from rural China. Land Use Policy, v.77, p.437-445, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.001 >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.201... ); RAJPAR et al. (2019RAJPAR, H. et al. Agricultural land abandonment and farmers’ perceptions of land use change in the indus plains of Pakistan: A case study of Sindh province. Sustainability, v.11, n.17, p.4663, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174663 >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.3390/su11174663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174663... ); DUESBERG et al. (2017DUESBERG, S. et al. Retirement farming or sustainable growth - land transfer choices for farmers without a successor. Land Use Pol. v.61, p.526-535. 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837716302538 >. Accessed: Apr. 25, 2023. doi: 10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2016.12.007. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); JANSUWAN & ZANDER (2021JANSUWAN, P.; ZANDER, K. K. What to do with the farmland? Coping with ageing in rural Thailand. J. Rural Stud., v.81, p.37-46. 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jrurstud.2020.12.003 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j. jrurstud.2020.12.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jrurstud.2020... ); LEONARD et al. (2017LEONARD, B. et al. Policy drivers of farm succession and inheritance. Land Use Policy, v.61, p.147-159, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.006 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.201... ).
Succession planning (4 articles)	Nigeria; USA; England; Finland.	AROWOLO et al. (2017AROWOLO, O. O. et al. Perception of farm succession planning by poultry farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, v.21, n.1, p.80-94, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae/article/view/150971 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.4314/jae.v21i1.7. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae/arti... ); JOHNSON & CARLSON (2021JOHNSON, C. L.; CARLSON, S. L. Farm/ranch succession Planning Program Motivates Families to Take Steps. The Journal of Extension, v.58, n.6, p.22, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol58/iss6/22/ >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022 https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol5... ); CHISWELL & LOBLEY (2018CHISWELL, H. M.; LOBLEY, M. “It’s definitely a good time to Be a farmer”: understanding the changing dynamics of successor creation in late modern society. Rural Sociology, v.83, n.3, p.630-653, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ruso.12205 10.1111/ruso.12205 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1111/ruso.12205 10.1111/ruso.12205. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full... ); VÄRE et al. (2010VÄRE, M. et al. The irrelevance of stated plans in predicting farm successions in Finland. Agricultural and food science, v.19, n.1, p.81-95, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.2137/145960610791015041 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.2137/145960610791015041. https://doi.org/10.2137/1459606107910150... ).
Issues related to dairy activity and the presence of successors (4 articles)	Netherlands; Brazil; USA; Ireland	FIRMAN et al. (2019FIRMAN, A. et al. Succession decisions in Indonesia family dairy farm business. Livestock Research and Rural Development, v.31, n.9, 2019. Available from: <Available from: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/9/achma31136.html >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/9/achma31136.... ); BÁNKUTI et al (2018BÁNKUTI, F. I. et al. Structural features, labor conditions and family succession in dairy production systems in Paraná State, Brazil. Cahiers Agricultures, v.27, n.4, p.45004, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://www.cahiersagricultures.fr/articles/cagri/full_html/2018/04/cagri170131/cagri170131.html >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1051/cagri/2018028. https://www.cahiersagricultures.fr/artic... ); DONG et al. (2016DONG, F. et al. Technical efficiency, herd size, and exit intentions in US dairy farms. Agricultural Economics, v.47, n.5, p.533-545, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12253 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022: doi: 10.1111/agec.12253. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12253... ); O'DONNELL et al. (2011O’DONNELL, S. et al. A survey of the factors affecting the future intentions of Irish dairy farmers. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v.149, n.5, p.647-654, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859611000037 >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.1017/S0021859611000037. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185961100003... ).
The role of rural youth in the succession (4 articles)	European Union.	ZAGATA & SUTHERLAND (2015ZAGATA, L.; SUTHERLAND, L.-A. Deconstructing the ‘young farmer problem in Europe’: Towards a research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies, v.38, p.39-51, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.01.003 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.01.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.... ); CHISWELL (2014CHISWELL, H. M. The importance of next generation farmers: a conceptual framework to bring the potential successor into focus. Geography Compass, v.8, n.5, p.300-312, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12131 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022: doi: 10.1111/gec3.12131. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12131... ; 2018CHISWELL, H. M. From generation to generation: changing dimensions of intergenerational farm transfer. Sociologia Ruralis, v.58, n.1, p.104-125, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12138 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1111/soru.12138. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12138... ); COOPMANS et al. (2021COOPMANS, I. et al. Understanding farm generational renewal and its influencing factors in Europe. Journal of Rural Studies. v.86, Aug 2021, Pages 398-409. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.023 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022: doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.... ).
Socioeconomic effects on rural properties from the presence of successors (3 articles)	Australia; Belgium and Germany; Italy	WHEELER et al. (2012WHEELER, S. et al. Handing down the farm? The increasing uncertainty of irrigated farm succession in Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, v.28, n.3, p.266-275, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.04.001 >. Accessed: Jun. 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.04.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.... ); PITSON et al. (2020PITSON, C. et al. How much farm succession is needed to ensure resilience of farming systems? Euro Choices, v.19, n.2, p.37-44, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12283 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1111/1746-692X.12283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12283... ); CORSI et al. (2021CORSI, A. et al. What drives farm structural change? An analysis of economic, demographic and succession factors. Agriculture, v.11, n.5, p.438, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050438 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022: doi: 10.3390/agriculture11050438. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050... ).
Agricultural transfers to "new" farmers (unrelated to the rural region) (3 articles)	Northern Ireland; Austria; USA	JACK et al. (2019JACK, C. et al. New entrants and succession into farming: A Northern Ireland perspective. International Journal of Agricultural Management, v.8, n.2, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339090674_New_entrants_and_succession_into_farming_A_Northern_Ireland_perspective >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.5836/ijam/2019-08-56. https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ); KORZENSZKY (2019KORZENSZKY, A. Extrafamilial farm succession: an adaptive strategy contributing to the renewal of peasantries in Austria. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienned’études du développement, v.40, n.2, p.291-308, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2018.1517301 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1080/02255189.2018.1517301. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2018.15... ); VALLIANT et al. (2019VALLIANT, J. C. D. et al. Fostering farm transfers from farm owners to unrelated, new farmers: A qualitative assessment of farm link services. Land Use Policy, v.86, p.438-447, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.004 > Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.201... )
Emotional and belonging aspects in generational transfer (3 articles)	Northern Ireland; Spain; Germany	HOLLOWAY et al. (2021HOLLOWAY, L. A. et al. Sustainable Family Farming Futures: Exploring the Challenges of Family Farm Decision Making through an Emotional Lens of ‘Belonging’. Sustainability, v.13, n.21, p.12271, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112271 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.3390/su132112271. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112271... ); PLANA-FARRAN & GALLIZO (2021PLANA-FARRAN, M.; GALLIZO, J. L. The survival of family farms: Socioemotional Wealth (SEW) and Factors Affecting Intention to Continue the Business. Agriculture, v.11, n.6, p.520, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060520 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11060520. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060... ); SCHLUMBOHM (2022SCHLUMBOHM, J. Stepfamilies, inheritance, and living arrangements in a rural society of Germany. The History of the Family, p.1-13, 2022. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003841 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003841. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.20... ).
Relationship and perceptions of non-successors with rural property and succession (2 articles)	Ireland; Holland	CASSIDY& MCGRATH, 2014CASSIDY, A.; MCGRATH, B. The Relationship between ‘non successor’farm Offspring and the Continuity of the Irish Family Farm. Sociologia Ruralis, v.54, n.4, p.399-416, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12054 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1111/soru.12054 https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12054... ); MATSER et al. (2020)MATSER, I. et al. No hard feelings? Non-succeeding siblings and their perceptions of justice in family firms. Journal of Family Business Management, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-09-2018-0048 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2022. doi: 10.1108/JFBM-09-2018-0048. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-09-2018-004... .

Brasil

Brasil

Generational succession in agriculture: academic debate and scientific trends

Sucessão geracional na agricultura: debate acadêmico e tendências científicas

ABSTRACT: