Intimate partner violence prevalence in the elderly and associated factors: systematic review

Warmling, Deise; Lindner, Sheila Rubia; Coelho, Elza Berger Salema

doi:10.1590/1413-81232017229.12312017

person Deise Warmling

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Departamento de Saúde Pública, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade. 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brasil. deisentr@gmail.com

person Sheila Rubia Lindner

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Departamento de Saúde Pública, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade. 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brasil. deisentr@gmail.com

person Elza Berger Salema Coelho

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Departamento de Saúde Pública, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade. 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brasil. deisentr@gmail.com

Collaborations

D Warmling participated in the design, search, review and interpretation of the result and final writing. SR Lindner participated in the search, review and interpretation of result and final writing. EBS Coelho participated in the design, review and interpretation of results, critical review and approval of final version.

Author, year of publication	Year of Collection	Location	Gender	Age Group	Sample Size	IPV measurement tool
Studies with adults and elderly
Mouton, 2004²¹	NA	United States	F	50-79	91,749	Own questionnaire
Reichenheim, 2006²²	2002/ 2003	Brazil	F	15-69	6,760	CTS 1
Cohen, 2006²³	1999	Canada	F/M	≥ 15	16,216	CTS 2 + own questionnaire
Aekplakorn, 2007²⁴	2005	Thailand	F	17-78	580	Own questionnaire
Breiding, 2008²⁵	2005	United States	F/M	≥ 18	70,156	Own questionnaire
Svavarsdottir, 2009²⁶	2005/ 2006	Iceland	F	22-67	2,746	WAST
Sareen, 2009²⁷	2004/ 2005	United States	F	≥ 20	13,928	CTS 1- adapted
Brisibe, 2012²⁸	2006	Nigeria	F/M	16-65	346	Own questionnaire
Afifi, 2012²⁹	2004/ 2005	United States	F/M	≥ 20	25,778	CTS 1 - adapted
Sonego, 2013³⁰	2009/ 2010	Spain	F	18-70	2,835	CTS 1 - adapted + own questionnaire
Renner, 2014³¹	1994 to 1997	United States	F/M	≥ 20	1,096	CTS 1- adapted
Hellemans, 2014³²	2009	Belgium	F/M	18-75	1,472	CTS 1 - adapted + own questionnaire
Lee, 2014³³	2006	South Korea	F/M	≥ 30	8,877	CTS 1- adapted
Stöckl, 2015⁴	2003/ 2004	Germany	F	16-86	10,264	CTS 2 + own questionnaire
Hellemans, 2015³⁴	2011/ 2012	Belgium	F/M	18-80	1,448	CTS 1 + WHO VAW
Studies with elderly only
Stöckl, 2012³⁵	2003	Germany	F	65-86	10,264	CTS 2
Yan, 2012³⁶	2004	China	F/M	60-100	5,049	CTS 2
Burnes, 2015³⁷	NA	United States	F/M	≥ 60	4,156	CTS 1- adapted
Paiva, 2015¹⁰	2014	Brazil	F/M	≥ 60	729	CTS 1

Author, year of publication	Sample	Sampling Source	Sample Size	Outcome Measurement		Impartial interviewer
Studies with adults and elderly

High methodological quality
Reichenheim, 2006²²	1	1	1		1	1	1		1	0	7
Sareen, 2009²⁷	1	1	1		1	1	1		0	1	7
Afifi, 2012²⁹	1	1	1		1	1	1		0	1	7
Renner, 2014³¹	1	1	1		1	1	0		1	1	7
Lee, 2014³³	1	1	1		1	1	1		0	1	7
Moderate methodological quality
Mouton, 2004²¹	1	1	1		0	1	1		0	1	6
Breiding, 2008²⁵	1	1	1		0	1	0		1	1	6
Stöckl, 2012³⁵	1	1	1		1	1	0		0	1	6
Aekplakorn, 2007²⁴	0	1	1		0	1	1		0	1	5
Hellemans, 2014³²	1	1	1		1	1	0		0	0	5
Hellemans, 2015³⁴	1	1	1		1	1	0		0	0	5
Cohen, 2006²³	0	0	1		0	1	1		0	1	4
Brisibe, 2012²⁸	1	1	1		0	0	1		0	0	4
Sonego, 2013³⁰	1	1	0		1	1	0		0	0	4
Low methodological quality
Svavarsdottir, 2009 ²⁶	1	1	0		1	0	0		0	0	3
Total	13 (86.7%)	14 (93.4%)	13 (86.7%)		10 (66.7%)	13 (86.7%)	8 (53.4%)		3 (20.0%)	9 (60.0%)	Mean = 5.7

Studies with elderly only

High methodological quality
Yan, 2012 ³⁶	1	1	1	1		1	1	0		1	7
Burnes, 2015³⁷	1	1	1	1		1	1	1		1	7
Moderate methodological quality
Stöckl, 2012³⁵	1	1	1	1		1	0	0		1	6
Paiva, 2015¹⁰	1	1	1	1		1	0	0		1	6
Total	4 (100%)	4 (100%)	4 (100%)	4 (100%)		4 (100%)	2 (50%)	1 (20%)		4 (100%)	Mean = 6.5

Author, year of publication	IPV recall period	Elderly age range	IPV prevalence in the sample	IPV prevalence in elderly
Studies with adults and elderly
Mouton, 2004²¹	Last 12 months	50-79 years	General - 11.1%	NA
Reichenheim, 2006²²	Last 12 months	NA	Psychological - 75%	NA
			Physical minor - 21.5%
			Physical severe - 12.9%
Cohen, 2006 ²³	Last 5 years	≥ 55 years	Physical/woman - 7.8%	NA
			Physical/men - 6.6%
			Sexual/woman - 1.4%
			Psychological/woman -17.7%
			Psychological/man -18.2%
			Financial/woman - 7.5%
			Financial/man -1.4%
Aekplakorn, 2007 ²⁴	Last 12 months	≥ 55 years	Physical and psychological - 27.2%	Physical and psychological - 14,1%
Breiding, 2008²⁵	Lifetime	≥ 65 years	Physical and sexual/woman - 26.4%	Physical and sexual/woman - 12,9%
			Physical and sexual/man - 15.9%	Physical and sexual/man - 5,6%
Svavarsdottir, 2009 ²⁶	Lifetime	NA	Physical/married - 2.0%	NA
			Physical/ cohabiting - 3.3%
			Psychological/married - 16.7%
			Psychological/cohabiting - 18.2%
			Sexual/married - 1.2%
			Sexual/live together - 1.3%
Sareen, 2009²⁷	Last 12 months	NA	General - 5.5%	NA
Brisibe, 2012²⁸	Last 12 months	NA	General- 55.8%	NA
Afifi, 2012²⁹	Last 12 months	≥ 65 years	Victimization; Perpetration	Victimization; Perpetration
			General/women – 5.5%; 7.0%	General/women – 3,3%; 3,5%
			General/men – 5.8%; 4.2%	General/men – 4,9%; 6,8%
Sonego, 2013³⁰	Last 12 months	NA	General - 12.2%	NA
Renner, 2014³¹	Last 12 months	NA	Physical and emocional/woman - 50.9%	NA
Renner, 2014³¹	Last 12 months	NA	Physical and emotional/man - 40.0%	NA
Hellemans, 2014³²	Last 12 months	NA	Physical - 1.3%	NA
			Sexual (women) - 0.3%
			Psychological - 14.0%
Lee, 2014³³	Last 12 months	≥ 60 years	Victimization; Perpetration	Victimization; Perpetration
			Verbal/ woman	Verbal/ woman
			General - 28.2%; 26.7%	60-69 years - 25,5%; 22,8%
			General - 28.2%; 26.7%	>70 years - 24,5%; 20,9%
			Verbal/ man	Verbal/ man
			General - 24.4%; 25.0%	60-69 years - 21,2%; 23,5%
				>70 years - 20,1%; 21,4%
			Physical/ woman	Physical/ woman
			General - 6.9%; 3.4%	60-69 years - 5,1%; 1,4%
				>70 years - 3,1%; 1,0%
			Physical/ man	Physical/ man
			General - 3.4%; 5.1%	60-69 years - 1,6%; 3,7%
				>70 years - 1,0%; 2,6%
Stöckl, 2015⁴	Last 12 months	66-86 years	Physical or sexual	Physical or sexual
			16-49 years - 8%	66-86 years - 1%
			50-65 years - 3%
			Psychological	Psychological
			16-49 years 13%	66-86 years - 13%
			50-65 years 13%
			Controlling behavior	Controlling behavior
			16-49 years 21%	66-86 years - 21%
			50-65 years 21%
			Economic abuse	Economic abuse
			16-49 years 12%	66-86 years - 13%
			50-65 years 14%
Hellemans, 2015³⁴	Lifetime	NA	Physical - 10.0%	NA
Hellemans, 2015³⁴	Lifetime	NA	Psychological - 56.7%	NA
Studies with elderly only
Stöckl, 2012³⁵	Current, last year, last 5 years and in lifetime	50-86 years	Physical and/or sexual in life	Physical and/or sexual in lifetime
			General - 18%	50-65 years: 23%
				66-86 years: 10%
			Physical and/or sexual in the last 5 years	Physical and/or sexual in the last 5 years
			General - 2%	50-65 years: 3%
				66-86 years: 1%
			Physical and/or sexual in the last year	Physical and/or sexual in the last year
			General - 1%	50-65 years: 2%
				66-86 years: 0%
			Physical and/or sexual in the current relationship	Physical and/or sexual in the current relationship
			General - 11%	50-65 years: 14%
			General - 11%	66-86 years: 5%
Yan, 2012³⁶	Lifetime; last 12 months	60-100 years	Lifetime; last year
			Physical - 6.6 %; 2.5%
			Sexual - 3.2%; 1.2%
			Psychological - 53.6%; 36.1%
			General - 7.7%; 2.9%
Burnes, 2015³⁷	Last 12 months	≥ 60 years	Psychological	Psychological
			General - 1.9%	60-69 = 0,9%
				70-84 = 0,8%
				> 85 = 0,1%
			Physical	Physical
			General - 1.8%	60-69 = 1,0%
				70-84 = 0,6%
				> 85 = 0,2%
Paiva, 2015¹⁰	Last 12 months	60 years	Physical	Physical
			General - 5.9%	60-80 = 6,4%
			General - 5.9%	> 85 = 3,8%
			Psychological	Psychological
			General - 20.9%	60-80 = 22,1%
			General - 20.9%	> 80 = 15,0%

Factors associated with intimate partner violence	Papers that evidenced the associated factor n (%)
Health-related behaviors
Alcohol use	7 (36.9%)
Tobacco use	2 (10.6%)
Use of other drugs	1 (5.3%)
Mental health conditions
Depression	4 (21.0%)
Stress	2 (10.6%)
Use of tranquilizers	1 (5.3%)
Sleep disorders	1 (5.3%)
Anxiety	1 (5.3%)
Physical health conditions
Functional impairment	2 (10.6%)
HIV infection	1 (5.3%)
Gastrointestinal and pelvic symptoms	1 (5.3%)
Sexual dysfunction	1 (5.3%)
Poor health evaluation
Economic and sociodemographic factors
Low income	4 (21.0%)
Low schooling	3 (15.8%)
Being divorced / separated	2 (10.6%)
Being a young elderly	2 (10.6%)
Women schooling higher than her husbands	1 (5.3%)
Being single	1 (5.3%)
Living with spouse	1 (5.3%)
Previous exposure to violence
Witnessing parental violence in childhood	2 (10.6%)
Suffering physical punishment in childhood	1 (5.3%)
Suffering physical or sexual violence by non-partner	1 (5.3%)

[TFN1001] F = Female M = Male. IPV – Intimate Partner Violence. NA – Not available in the study. CTS – Conflict Tactics Scale. WAST - Woman Abuse Screening Tool. WHO VAW- World Health Organization Violence Against Women.