Characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America

Silva, Gisella Cristina de Oliveira; Iriart, Jorge Alberto Bernstein; Chaves, Sônia Cristina Lima; Abade, Erik Asley Ferreira

doi:10.1590/0102-311X00031018

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REVIEW • Cad. Saúde Pública 35 (7) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00031018 linkcopy

Characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The current study analyzed the characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014. A total of 114 studies were identified in the LILACS and SciELO databases. The articles were categorized according to the concepts of field and social agents, as in Pierre Bourdieu, highlighting the authors, places of publication, objects, and discourses. An increase was observed in the research output during this period, specifically since 2006. Brazil held a dominant position in the research with 80.7% of the total publications, followed by Colombia, Argentina, and Mexico. The objects of study are mostly qualitative approaches (55.3%), and half of the articles are indexed in Qualis B1 journals or higher. However, only 14.9% of the studies had received funding. The authors have various backgrounds, featuring participation by psychologists (26.3%), nurses (17.5%), and economists (13.2%). The studies are situated in subareas of the Human Sciences, consisting of the discourses of Social and Developmental Psychology; Health Sciences, featuring epidemiological studies, based on concepts from occupational health nursing; and the subarea of Applied Social Sciences with studies in economics. The objects of studies on child labor focus their interest on its relationship to health, education, work, and social assistance, with little interdisciplinarity in the publications.

Keywords:
Child Labor; Chil; Adolescent; Qualitative Research

Variables	n (N = 114)	%
Year of publication
2004	5	4.39
2005	6	4.39
2006	8	7.02
2007	11	9.76
2008	10	8.77
2009	9	7.89
2010	14	12.28
2011	14	12.28
2012	18	15.79
2013	9	7.89
2014	11	9.65
Country of production of articles
Brazil	93	81.58
Colombia	8	7.02
Argentina	6	5.26
Mexico	5	4.39
Peru	1	0.88
Paraguay	1	0.88
Uruguay	1	0.88
Areas of knowledge
Human Sciences	54	47.40
Health Sciences	39	34.20
Applied Social Sciences	21	18.40
Qualis scores of periodicals
A1	21	18.40
A2	14	12.30
B1	22	19.30
B2	31	27.20
B3	13	11.40
B4	1	0.90
B5	4	3.50
Not recorded	8	7.00
Research approach
Qualitative	63	55.30
Quantitative	45	39.50
Not specified	6	5.30
Financing
No	97	85.10
Yes	17	14.90

Indicator	n (N = 114)	%
Degrees
PhD	48	42.1
Master’s	28	24.6
Associate Professorship	5	4.4
Additional graduate training
Post-doctorate	21	18.4
Specialization	5	4.4
Other	7	6.1
Undergraduate training
Psychology	30	26.3
Nursing	20	17.5
Economics	15	13.2
Social sciences	10	8.8
Medicine	7	6.1
Teaching	4	3.5
Social work	3	2.6
Physical therapy	2	1.8
Physical education	2	1.8
Other	21	18.4
Occupation
Public university professors	59	51.8
Public university students	38	33.3
Services	12	10.5
Private university professors	5	4.4

Themes of studies related to child labor	Periodicals’ areas of knowledge
Themes of studies related to child labor	Human Sciences	Health Sciences	Applied Social Sciences	Authors (year) *
1. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of child labor		Time trends in child labor; Correlation between social indicators and social welfare programs; Socioeconomic profile; Lifestyle; Childhood development indicators		Guimarães & Asmus ³ (2010); Guimarães et al. ²⁰ (2009); Acosta et al. ²¹ (2012); Núñez Zambrano et al. ²² (2009); Tuñón & Salvia ²³ (2012); Acevedo et al. ²⁴ (2007); Carvalho ²⁵ (2008); Helal ²⁶ (2010)
2. Labor by children and adolescents and the consequences for health		Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders; Work accidents; Health problems; Compulsory reporting; Food security; Health survey; Quality of life		Caetano et al. ²⁷ (2008); Acosta et al. ²¹ (2012); Asmus & Volney ²⁸ (2004); Vieira et al. ²⁹ (2012); Fraga-Maia & Santana ³⁰ (2005); Campos et al. ³¹ (2014); Pires et al. ³² (2012); Pimenta et al. ³³ (2011); Navarro-Mancilla et al. ³⁴ (2011); Silveira & Robazzi ³⁵ (2006); Silveira & Robazzi ³⁶ (2008); Robazzi et al. ³⁷ (2007); Meneses et al. ³⁸ (2012); Asmus et al. ³⁹ (2005); Barker et al. ⁴⁰ (2007); Pedraza Avella & Ribero Medina ⁴¹ (2006)
3. Child labor and education	Schooling process; Vocational training; Education and health; Subjectivity and disciplinary practices; Students’ practice with school, work, and the future	Work and studies; School dropout	Determinants of work and schooling	Sousa & Aberto ⁴² (2008); Macedo et al. ⁴³ (2012); Abadía et al. ⁴⁴ (2009); Giarola Cecilio & Penha Silveira ⁴⁵ (2014); Ávila ⁴⁶ (2007); Silveira et al. ⁴⁷ (2012); Feitosa & Dimenstein ⁴⁸ (2004)
4. Child labor and social vulnerability	Risks	Child labor on the streets; Begging and prostitution; Prevention of sexual exploitation		Cruz & Assunção ⁴⁹ (2008); Baccarat & Mello-Jorge ⁵⁰ (2009); Alberto et al. ⁵¹ (2010); Machado & Silva ⁵² (2007)
5. Urban child labor		Profile of urban child labor; Relationship to health; Working teenagers	Income and labor market structures; Increase in the minimum legal age for working	Gonçalves et al. ⁵³ (2012); Martins et al. ⁵⁴ (2013); Ramalho & Mesquita ⁵⁵ (2013); Campos et al. ⁵⁶ (2011); Ferro & Kassouf ⁵⁷ (2005)
6. Representations and experiences in child labor	Experience with play in their daily lives; Meaning of childhood; Recognition of rights; Meaning of work; Work and school; Motivation, family organization, and socialization practices; Job placement process; Informal labor; Formal labor; Unemployment; Experience of work for adolescents serving juvenile sentences; Daily experience with exploited labor; Research output	Work practices	Exploitation of child labor	Oliveira et al. ⁵⁸ (2009); Mattos & Chaves ⁵⁹ (2006); Santos & Chaves ⁶⁰ (2010); Alberto & Santos ⁶¹ (2011); Lima et al. ⁶² (2011); Oliveira et al. ⁶³ (2006); Silva ⁶⁴ (2011); Dias et al. ⁶⁵ (2007); Oliveira ⁶⁶ (2011); Thomé et al. ⁶⁷ (2010); Oliveira et al. ⁶⁸ (2006); Amazarray et al. ⁶⁹ (2009); Rodríguez ⁷⁰ (2004); Moreyra ⁷¹ (2007); Oliveira et al. ⁷² (2010); Lourenço ⁷³ (2014); Marchi ⁷⁴ (2013); Lima & Almeida ⁷⁵ (2010); Prado ⁷⁶ (2013); Kassouf ⁷⁷ (2007); Acevedo et al. ⁷⁸ (2011); Invernizzi & Tomé ⁷⁹ (2007); Cardoso & Souza ⁸⁰ (2011); Pico Merchan & Salazar Henao ⁸¹ (2008); Miranda Juárez ⁸² (2013); Feitosa & Dimenstein ⁴⁸ (2004); Fonseca ⁸³ (2010); Val & Tambellini ⁶ (2006); Rausky ⁸⁴ (2009); Morais & Fraga ⁸⁵ (2008); Frenzel & Bardagi ⁵ (2014); Innamorato & Reyes ⁸⁶ (2013); Jacobina & Costa ⁸⁷ (2007); Sales ⁸⁸ (2014)
7. Domestic child labor	Remuneration; Characterize the work activity; Schooling; Working conditions; Invisibility			Aberto et al. ⁸⁹ (2009); Aberto et al. ⁹⁰ (2011); Patriota & Alberto ⁹¹ (2014); Santana & Dimenstein ⁹² (2005); Dellazzana & Freitas ⁹³ (2010)
8. Income transfer programs and child labor	Program for Eradication of Child Labor; Scholarship; Brazilian Income Transfer Program; International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor; Program against sexual exploitation and child labor; Scholastic routines of adolescents under the Brazilian Income Transfer Program	Meal stipends, scholarships, and food cards; Jobs performed by adolescents and school status; Right to health	Program for the Eradication of Child Labor	Carvalho ⁴ (2004); Alberto et al. ⁹⁴ (2012); Rezende et al. ⁹⁵ (2012); Fonseca & Viana ⁹⁶ (2007); Guimarães et al. ²⁰ (2009); Conde ⁹⁷ (2013); Diniz et al. ⁹⁸ (2012); Cacciamali et al. ⁹⁹ (2010); Sartori ¹⁰⁰ (2006); Pires & Jardim ¹⁰¹ (2014); Sartori & Garcia ¹⁰² (2012); Luciani Conde et al. ¹⁰³ (2007); Gonçalves ¹⁰⁴ (2005)
9. Rural child labor	Dimension of play		Effects of family wealth; Tobacco growing; Negative impact on health; Mobilization of agribusiness interests; Childhood and labor flexibility in agriculture	Pedraza et al. ¹⁰⁵ (2008); Marin et al. ¹⁰⁶^,(2014); Marin et al. ¹⁰⁷ (2012); Marin ¹⁰⁸ (2010); Kassouf & Santos ¹⁹ (2010); Nicolella et al. ¹⁰⁹ (2008)
10. Inter-generational child labor			Diagnose existence of child labor; Living conditions; Effect of additional worker for children; Occupational status of reference person or head of family; Birth order of children	Aquino et al. ¹¹⁰ (2010); Oliveira et al. ¹¹¹ (2014); Cacciamali & Tatei ¹¹² (2008); Assunção & Alves ¹¹³ (2007); Ferreira-Batista & Cacciamali ¹¹⁴ (2012); Orraca ¹¹⁵ (2014); Paz & Piselli ¹¹⁶ (2011)

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[TFN2] * Articles analyzed.