Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen El artículo discute las interacciones entre la etnografía y la traducción a partir del caso de Of Mixed Blood: Kinship and History in Peruvian Amazonia (1991), de Peter Gow. Se trata de un texto etnográfico con gran impacto sobre la teoría de la antropología amazonista y que exhibe una alta reflexividad lingüística. La traducción al español de esta etnografía, De sangre mezclada. Parentesco e historia en la Amazonía peruana, estuvo a cargo de los antropólogos Sebastián Arze y Juan Manuel Rivera Acosta. Fue publicada en el 2020 con el objetivo de devolver al contexto local el conocimiento ahí producido por el antropólogo escocés. Se emplea un análisis contrastivo en dos pasos. En un primer momento, se analizó el texto fuente (TF) para identificar las funciones de la traducción en la producción de la etnografía, en cuanto a lo analítico y lo representacional. En un segundo momento, se compararon un conjunto de segmentos del TF con sus pares del texto meta (TM) para evaluar cómo la traducción al español impacta sobre estas funciones. Los resultados explican tres problemas de traducción relevantes: el traslado de las categorías nativas, específicamente categorías raciales; la representación de los procedimientos de traducción del etnógrafo; y el uso de terminología contemporánea para la descripción de personas e instituciones locales.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In this article I discuss the interactions between ethnography and translation through a case study of Of Mixed Blood: Kinship and History in Peruvian Amazonia (1991) by Peter Gow. This ethnographic text has a meaningful impact on Amazonian anthropological theory and displays high linguistic reflexivity. De sangre mezclada. Parentesco e historia en la Amazonía peruana, a Spanish translation by anthropologists Sebastián Arze and Juan Manuel Rivera Acosta, was published in 2020, aiming to return the knowledge produced by the Scottish anthropologist to the local context. A two-step contrastive analysis is applied. First, the source text was examined to identify the roles of translation in ethnographic production, focusing on both analytical and representational functions. Next, selected segments from the source text were compared with their equivalents in the target text to assess the translation’s impact on these functions. The findings highlight three key translation challenges: the transfer of native categories, specifically racial categories; representing the ethnographer’s translation methods; and employing contemporary terminology when describing local people and institutions.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This research paper investigates the translation procedures applied to English evidential adverbials within a parallel corpus of specialized technical information in English and French aimed at popularisation. We analyse the strategies deployed by translators to ensure a natural reading in the target language, taking into consideration variation in metadiscourse functions. Corpus linguistics methods are used to analyse adverbial positioning, morphological characteristics, metadiscourse functions, and translation strategies. Our anticipated conclusions highlight the manifold functions of evidential adverbials, from enhancing meaning to conveying the author’s attitude, often influenced by cultural and professional factors, resulting in variable translation strategies.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Realizou-se uma análise de 128 amostras contendo os verbos de movimento climb (‘trepar’, ‘escalar’), fall (‘cair’) e creep (‘rastejar’) recolhidas de três romances originais em inglês e suas traduções profissionais para o português e o francês. Em seus sentidos mais básicos, climb e fall codificam o trajeto e uma maneira de movimento, enquanto creep denota somente a maneira. Em 66% dos contextos com climb, os tradutores substituíram esse verbo por um verbo de trajeto em português e um verbo de maneira e trajeto em francês. Fall foi traduzido por cair em português (75%) e tomber do francês (50%), e todos os três verbos expressam trajeto e maneira de forma semelhante. A tradução da maneira em cenas com creep ficou em torno de 70% nas duas línguas. Nas traduções de climb e fall com um satélite, expressando mais de uma trajetória, os tradutores conservaram apenas uma delas no texto alvo, o que corrobora a literatura sobre o tema. Mas, no francês, eles conservaram duas trajetórias quando foi possível empregar dans. Além de efeitos tipológicos previsíveis segundo a Tipologia do Movimento (L. Talmy), nas cenas com fall, a ‘volição’ e a ‘animação’ da figura em movimento parecem ter influenciado as escolhas tradutórias. Foram observadas semelhanças intratipológicas e diferenças intertipológicas como esperado. Entretanto, no francês, a manutenção da maneira foi mais preponderante. No geral, as traduções para o francês apresentaram maior diversidade de tipos verbais que combinavam maneira e trajeto. Tais afirmações se restringem às estratégias usadas na tradução dos três verbos escolhidos.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract We analyzed 128 samples containing the movement verbs climb, fall, and creep from three English novels and their professional Portuguese and French translations. In their most basic senses, climb and fall encode the path and a manner of motion, while creep conveys only the manner. In 66% of the climb contexts, the translators replaced this verb with a path verb in Portuguese and a manner-and-path verb in French. They translated fall as Portuguese cair (75%) and French tomber (50%), and all three verbs express similar information about the path and the manner. Rendering the manner in scenes with creep reached around 70% in both languages. In the translations of climb and fall with a satellite, expressing more than one trajectory, the translators kept only one in the target, corroborating the literature on the subject. In French, though, they kept the two directions in cases with dans. In addition to predictable typological effects according to L Talmy’s Motion Typology, the moving figure’s volition and animation seem to have influenced the translators’ choices in the scenes with fall. We observed intratypological similarities and intertypological differences as expected. However, in French, the maintenance of manner was more prevalent. The French translations generally showed a greater diversity of verb types that conflated manner and path. We restrict our claims to the strategies used for translating the three chosen verbs.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo O presente artigo apresentará duas propostas de tradução para “!/o(rounD)moon,how”, de E. E. Cummings (1894-1962). Contido no livro 95 Poems (1958), o poema não é menos experimental que os demais componentes da obra, sendo o trabalho com a linguagem e o uso do espaço branco da folha promovidos pelo autor aspectos imprescindíveis de serem recuperados nas traduções do título. Levando em consideração as teorizações dos irmãos Campos e Pignatari, que promovem um projeto tradutório vinculado à criação e ao exercício crítico, bem como as traduções do poeta paulista mais novo, Augusto de Campos, da obra de Cummings, objetiva-se transcriar a miniatura em língua inglesa assinalada, dela recuperando alguns sentidos e propondo-lhe outros, na medida em que forem autorizados. Estabelecendo vínculo com a teoria literária, serão detidamente analisados os efeitos de sentido construídos nas presentes transcriações. O procedimento analítico deve evidenciar rasgos da obra cummingsiana condensados em “!/o(rounD)moon,how”, ofertando às pesquisas na área a tradução de um poema ainda não vertido ao português brasileiro.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This article will present two translation proposals for “!/o(rounD)moon,how” by E. E. Cummings (1894-1962). Included in the book 95 Poems (1958), the poem is no less experimental than the other components of the work, with the author’s manipulation of language and use of white space on the page being indispensable aspects to be recovered in translations of the title. Taking into account the theories of the Campos brothers and Pignatari, who promote a translational project linked to creation and critical exercise, as well as the translations of the younger Paulista poet, Augusto de Campos, of Cummings’ work, the objective is to transcreate the miniature above mentioned to English, recovering some meanings from it and proposing others, as far it is authorized within the poem. Establishing a connection with Literary Theory, the sense effects constructed in these transcreations will be closely analyzed. The analytical procedure should highlight features of the Cummingsian work condensed in “!/o(rounD)moon,how”, offering research in the area of translation of a version of a poem not yet rendered into Brazilian Portuguese.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract With this paper, I aim to show that the central concept of Translation Studies (TS), i.e., “translation”, should be (re)defined “narrowly” as “the process or result of transferring a text interlinguistically”. First, I examine three noteworthy conceptualizations of translation found in TS literature (i.e., Jakobson’s, Toury’s, and Meylaerts & Marais’s). Second, I problematize the notion of “intrasemiotic translation” together with other relevant concepts and thereby highlight terminological as well as conceptual issues surrounding the idea of “translation” in TS. Third, invoking various arguments, I build a case for a so-called narrow and a priori definition of “translation”. Fourth, I give an example of such a definition and further develop my position. Fifth, broadening the scope of the study, I propose that we should keep looking for an overarching concept and discipline that would encompass “translation” as well as other similar objects and phenomena. Last, before wrapping up with concluding remarks, I indicate possible avenues to explore in future studies.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo O escritor oriundo de antigos espaços coloniais franceses pode se ver diante de um dilema: em que língua escrever? A escolha pela língua do colonizador (o francês) ou pela língua materna traz consequências poéticas, editoriais e políticas que não podem ser negligenciadas. Gouverneurs de la rosée (1944), romance do haitiano Jacques Roumain, oferece uma solução: utiliza o francês, mas sem abandonar o crioulo. Para isso, encena narrativamente um dispositivo tradutório em que os personagens sabidamente se comunicam em crioulo, mas o narrador reporta e traduz suas falas para um francês “perfumado” (Depestre, 2006) pela língua crioula. Assim, apropria-se da língua do antigo colonizador e transforma-a face à dinâmica cultural haitiana, desarmando a diglossia colonial. Partindo dessa constatação, e apoiando-nos nos estudos de Hoffmann (1976, 2003), Laroche (1981), Constantini (2003, 2005), Chaulet-Achour (2010) e Mattos e Provinzano Amaral (2023), analisamos a tradução (Donos do orvalho, de 1954, de Emmo Duarte) e a retradução (Senhores do orvalho, de 2020, de Monica Stahel) brasileiras do romance, a fim de percebermos como cada projeto tradutório retextualiza o conflito diglóssico presente na obra de Roumain e, poderíamos afirmar, em grande parte das chamadas literaturas francófonas. O paradigma tradutório revela-se uma maneira promissora de lermos e analisarmos as poéticas francófonas pós-coloniais, mas também as poéticas tradutórias desenvolvidas no Brasil para dar a ler ao público brasileiro a disputa diglóssica na qual o francês se transforma em “butim de guerra”, como dizia Kateb Yacine, e é devorado pelo escritor francófono.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Writers from former French colonies may face a dilemma: which language to write in? The choice between the language of the coloniser (French) and the mother tongue has poetic, editorial and political consequences that cannot be ignored. Gouverneurs de la rosée (1944), a novel by the Haitian Jacques Roumain, offers a solution: he uses French without abandoning Creole. To do so, he stages a narrative translation device in which the characters consciously communicate in Creole, but the narrator reports and translates their speeches into a French “perfumed” (Depestre, 2006) by Creole. In this way, he appropriates the language of the former coloniser and transforms it in the face of Haitian cultural dynamics, disarming colonial diglossia. Based on this observation, and drawing on the work of Hoffmann (1976, 2003), Laroche (1981), Constantini (2003, 2005), Chaulet-Achour (2010), and Mattos and Provinzano Amaral (2023), we analyse the Brazilian translation (Donos do orvalho, 1954, by Emmo Duarte) and retranslation (Senhores do orvalho, 2020, by Monica Stahel) of the novel in order to understand how each translation project retextualises the diglossic conflict present in Roumain’s work and, we could say, in a large part of so-called Francophone literature. The paradigm of translation proves to be a promising way of reading and analysing post-colonial francophone poetics, as well as the translation poetics developed in Brazil to present to Brazilian public the diglossic conflict in which French becomes “war booty”, as Kateb Yacine used to say, and is devoured by the francophone writer.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Durante a pandemia da COVID-19, o mundo foi desafiado a aprender a enfrentar um novo vírus e a grave doença que ele potencialmente causava. Graças aos esforços colaborativos de pesquisadores e pesquisadoras ao redor do planeta, em um curto período de tempo, muito se descobriu sobre a doença. No início, porém, enfrentamos incertezas, falta de informações confiáveis e muito receio. Nesse contexto inicial da pandemia, nós, docentes do curso de Letras da Universidade Federal da Bahia, criamos o projeto de extensão Tradução voluntária de materiais informativos relacionados à COVID-19. Este projeto teve como objetivo principal traduzir gratuitamente para o inglês pesquisas científicas sobre a COVID-19 que vinham sendo realizadas no Brasil, ajudando assim a disseminar conhecimento local para o mundo, e, ao mesmo tempo, desenvolver um projeto pedagógico de tradução que aproximasse os/as estudantes dos desafios reais enfrentados pela sociedade. Este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento do projeto, alguns dos resultados alcançados e os aprendizados obtidos. Discutimos a importância de uma pedagogia crítica de tradução que aborde as necessidades e desafios do contexto social local e que se baseie em um trabalho colaborativo, interativo e dialógico. O projeto envolveu estudantes voluntários que, sob orientação dos docentes, traduziram 35 textos acadêmicos e materiais informativos sobre a COVID-19. A experiência proporcionou uma oportunidade de aprendizado crítico, prático e socialmente engajado, destacando a importância da universidade para a produção e divulgação científica e demonstrando o papel vital da tradução na disseminação de informações científicas durante crises globais.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, we were challenged to learn how to face a new virus and the severe disease it potentially caused. Thanks to the collaborative efforts of researchers around the globe, much was discovered about the disease in a short period of time. Initially, however, we faced uncertainties, a lack of reliable information, and significant fear. In this early context of the pandemic, we, the faculty of the Letters course at the Federal University of Bahia, created the extension project Voluntary Translation of Informative Materials Related to COVID-19. The main objective of this project was to translate scientific research on COVID-19 conducted in Brazil into English for free, thereby helping to disseminate local knowledge to the world while developing a pedagogical translation project that connected students with the real challenges faced by society. This article describes the development of the project, some of the results achieved, and the lessons learned. We discuss the importance of a critical translation pedagogy that addresses the needs and challenges of the local social context and is based on collaborative, interactive, and dialogical work. The project involved volunteer students who, under the guidance of faculty members, translated 35 academic texts and informative materials about COVID-19. The experience provided an opportunity for critical, practical, and socially engaged learning, highlighting the importance of the university in scientific production and dissemination and demonstrating the vital role of translation in spreading scientific information during global crises.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The rapid evolution of adolescence language, characterized by slang and idiomatic expressions, presents a significant challenge for machine translation systems. Existing research has extensively covered the translation of languages in general; however, there remains a gap in understanding these systems’ ability when faced with adolescent language. This study aims at (i) the evaluation and the comparison of the accuracy of the translations of colloquial language by Bing Translator, DeepL and HelsinkiNLP from English into Spanish and Italian, (ii) the validity and reliability of two different metrics (i.e., BLEU, METEOR) to assess the accuracy and quality of MT tools with informal language, and (iii) the analysis of how specific features of teenage slang influence the ability of online tools to generate precise and comprehensible translations 1000-character excerpts from the Linguistic Innovators Corpus were translated in Spanish and Italian using DeepL, Bing Translator, and HelsinkiNLP and assessed using BLEU and METEOR metrics to verify their quality and reliability. Our findings show that teenage slang poses challenges for all tools, particularly with phrasal verbs and idioms. Our results also reveal that METEOR seems to be more reliable to assess British teenage language into Spanish and Italian.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Este estudo objetivou apresentar o comentário da tradução do conto “Baleia”, de Graciliano Ramos, para o inglês. Para tanto, o comentário de tradução se orienta pela descrição e discussão das escolhas realizadas para lidar com elementos do sertão nordestino descrito na obra que demarca o bioma Caatinga, exclusivo do território brasileiro. A fundamentação teórica se orienta pelas pesquisas de Torres (2017), sobre tradução comentada; Berman (2013), explorando a sistemática da deformação; Venuti (2019, 2021), sobre domesticação e estrangeirização; Daghoughi e Hashemian (2016) e Franco Aixelá (2013), em reflexões acerca de itens culturais-específicos e marcadores culturais; e Gambier (2010), sobre estratégias tradutórias, entre outros pesquisadores dos estudos da tradução. O processo tradutório descrito nos comentários recorre também aos estudos de outras áreas de conhecimento, denotando a interface multidisciplinar dos estudos da tradução, evidenciada neste estudo pelas pesquisas relacionadas ao campo da Biologia, especificamente a Botânica, Zoologia e a Sistemática filogenética para localizar gêneros e espécies citadas na narrativa e entender a distribuição e as possibilidades de tradução destes elementos através da relação entre nome vernacular e nome científico. A reflexão sobre as escolhas apresentada no comentário da tradução explicita e teoriza as decisões tomadas e a escolha deliberada por conservar, quando possível os elementos do bioma, para, por fim, apresentar o conto traduzido.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The aim of this study was to present an annotated translation of the short story “Baleia”, by Graciliano Ramos, into English. To this end, the annotated translation is guided by the description and discussion of the choices made to deal with elements of the Northeastern hinterland described in the work, which demarcates the Caatinga biome, exclusive to Brazilian territory. The theoretical basis is built on research by Torres (2017), on annotated translation; Berman (2013), exploring the systematics of deformation; Venuti (2019, 2021), on domestication and foreignization; Daghoughi and Hashemian (2016) and Franco Aixelá (2013), in reflections on cultural-specific items and cultural markers; and Gambier (2010), on translation strategies, among other researchers in Translation studies. The translation process described in the comments also draws on studies from other areas of knowledge, denoting the multidisciplinary interface of Translation studies, evidenced in this study by research related to the field of Biology, specifically Botany, Zoology and Phylogenetic Systematics to locate genera and species mentioned in the narrative and understand the distribution and translation possibilities of these elements through the relationship between vernacular name and scientific name. The reflection on the choices presented in the translation commentary makes explicit and theorizes the decisions made and the deliberate choice to conserve, where possible, the elements of the biome in order to finally present the translated short story.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumo Para conmemorar el 160 aniversario del nacimiento de Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936) el presente artículo tiene el objetivo de presentar la recepción húngara de la obra de la figura más destacada de la generación del ’98. El estudio se enfoca, en especial, en los traductores, sus traducciones y en la cuestión de la retraducción, a propósito de las dos versiones húngaras, por una parte, de Nada menos que todo un hombre –la primera del año 1923 y la segunda de 1999– y, por otra, de la novela Niebla, cuya primera edición española (1914) cumple los 110 años en 2024. La primera versión húngara de la más famosa nivola de Unamuno nació en 1924, de la pluma de Viktor Garády (Vittorio de Gauss), mientras que la segunda se publicó en 2021, gracias al trabajo de la traductora Nelli Litvai. Los dos textos húngaros –y casi un siglo entero que pasó entre los dos– nos brindan la oportunidad de reflexionar también sobre las causas y los motivos de la retraducción.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract On the occasion of the 160th anniversary of the birth of Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936), this article aims to present the Hungarian reception of the work of the most prominent figure of the generation of '98. The study focuses, in particular, on translations and the question of retranslation, regarding the two Hungarian versions, on the one hand of Nothing Less Than a Real Man – the first from 1923 and the second from 1999 – and, on the other, of the novel Fog whose first Spanish edition (1914) turns 110 years old in 2024. The first Hungarian version of Unamuno's most famous nivola was born in 1924, from the pen of Viktor Garády (Vittorio de Gauss), while the second was published in 2021, thanks to the work of translator Nelli Litvai. The two Hungarian texts – and almost an entire century that has passed between them – give us the opportunity to also reflect on the causes and motives of the retranslation.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In this article we are interested in one of the possible modalities of feedback generated in the training of future translators at university level: the written corrective feedback (WCF) offered by teachers on students' translations. More specifically, using data obtained from two focus groups and a questionnaire, we have explored the perceptions of translation students regarding the features and usefulness of the feedback they received during their degree programme. The results show that students perceive WCF as a unidirectional transmission of information and not as a dialogical learning cycle, as the most current approaches to feedback postulate. They also call for feedback that is precise, informative, orientating and adjusted to student needs. At the same time, they believe that feedback should offer corrections without adopting a reproving tone; it should include explanations about errors in the translation; it should point to where the work successfully fulfils learning goals; and it should incorporate suggestions for improvement that can be applied in future translation tasks. The descriptive findings presented here bear on current teaching practices in the translation classroom and point to possible areas where such practices might be improved to enhance the development by students of translation competencies.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen Este artículo se divide en dos secciones principales interconectadas, cuyo objetivo es analizar el impacto de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en el ámbito de la traducción y la interacción entre el autor, el lector y el traductor en la sociedad contemporánea. En la primera sección, investigamos cómo la IA está redefiniendo esos papeles y cómo esto afecta al proceso de consumo de la información. Asimismo, analizamos la influencia de la IA en la producción y recepción de contenido, así como el papel del traductor en este contexto. Posteriormente, nos adentramos en el ámbito ético, donde exploramos los complejos dilemas éticos que suscita el creciente uso de la IA en traducción. Finalmente, destacamos la paratraducción como un posible mecanismo de resistencia al proceso de reificación promovido por la IA, cuya capacidad para comprender y traducir de manera eficaz los elementos paratextuales ha demostrado ser limitada.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Our article is divided into two main interconnected sections, aiming to provide an analysis of the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the translation landscape and the interaction between author, reader, and translator in contemporary society. In the first section, we investigate how AI is redefining these roles and how it affects the information consumption process. We analyze how AI influences content production and reception, as well as the role of the translator in this context. Moving on to the field of ethics, we delve into the complex ethical issues arising from the increasing use of AI in translation. Finally, we highlight paratranslation as a potential mechanism of resistance to the reification process triggered by AI, pointing out the limitations of AI in effectively understanding and translating paratextual elements.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise bibliométrica da produção sobre competência em interpretação com a finalidade de identificar nas referências bibliográficas de maior impacto os conceitos e teorias sobre competências do intérprete. Para tanto, foram utilizados os modelos de análise quantitativa propostos por Aria e Cuccurullo (2017). Os dados da produção científica sobre o tema foram coletados a partir de consulta nas bases Scopus e Web of Science e filtrados considerando critérios prévios de inclusão e exclusão. Por fim, foram analisados os dez de maior impacto obtidos no estudo bibliométrico. Conclui-se que a subcampo que trata sobre a competência do intérprete ainda está em evolução, já que as publicações apresentam uma taxa de crescimento de 10,35% no número de publicações nas últimas duas décadas. Nota-se também que a maioria dos autores são pesquisadores ocasionais do tema e há baixo índice de colaboração internacional nas pesquisas publicadas, bem como baixa citação local. Outro destaque é a forte presença da China como o país de origem de autores que mais publicam e que mais são citados. A partir dos resultados e conclusões deste estudo é possível identificar lacunas no campo de estudo e propor uma agenda de pesquisa.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research on interpreter competence to identify the concepts and theories related to interpreter competencies in the most impactful bibliographic references. To achieve this, we used the quantitative analysis models proposed by Aria and Cuccurullo (2017). Data on scientific production on the topic were collected from Scopus and Web of Science databases and filtered according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, the ten most impactful articles identified in the bibliometric study were analyzed. The study concludes that the field of interpreter competence is still evolving, as publications show a growth rate of 10.35% in the number of publications over the past two decades. It is also noted that most authors are occasional researchers on the topic and there is a low level of international collaboration in the published research, as well as low local citation rates. Another notable point is the strong presence of China as the leading country in terms of authors who publish the most and are most cited. Based on the results and conclusions of this study, it is possible to identify gaps in the field and propose a research agenda.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This paper reports on a descriptive and comparative study that falls within corpus based translation studies (Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2004). The goal was to identify and describe similarities and differences in the collocations used in articles published in coworking blogs written originally in Portuguese and in texts of the same genre written in English and translated into Portuguese. Tagnin’s (2013) taxonomy was used to inform our view of collocation. We assume that translated texts may use word combinations that do not sound natural in the target language because they are atypical in texts written originally in this language, following Mauranen’s (2007) findings. Also, this paper’s first author has worked with specialized translation for over a decade and observed that, in this context, there is a generalized expectation for texts to sound natural. We therefore argue that translators should be aware and have a good knowledge of collocations. The articles were collected from websites maintained by coworking companies, processed and analysed following corpus linguistics principles, a methodology that allows the identification of linguistic patterns. Two corpora were used: 1) a parallel corpus, with texts written originally in English and their corresponding translations into Portuguese and 2) a monolingual corpus with texts originally written in Portuguese. The corpora were stored in Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al., 2014), and the collocations were identified from n-gram lists from both corpora in Portuguese. The analyses found collocations that were frequently used in both corpora, such as trabalho flexível and espaço de trabalho, which describe professional environments and ways of working. As expected, differences were also found. One example is escritório privativo, which appears only in the translated corpus. In the authentic corpus, this concept is expressed as sala privativa. Thus, this article may be used to raise awareness, among translation students, professional translators, and professors, of the importance of looking for conventional word combinations in the target language while translating texts.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumo Este estudio describe un diseño preexperimental y exploratorio desarrollado a lo largo de dos cursos académicos, en el que 57 estudiantes de una institución de educación superior se enfrentaron a la simulación de un proyecto de traducción inversa (español-inglés) para el sitio web de una cervecería ficticia ubicada en la ciudad andaluza de Córdoba (España). Dicho sitio web fue creado ah hoc para esta tarea y contenía una gran cantidad de términos relacionados con la gastronomía andaluza, así como referentes culturales, localismos y expresiones idiomáticas con un tono humorístico. Tras completar el encargo transfiriendo cuidadosamente el contenido cultural y humorístico, los participantes obtuvieron traducciones con al menos dos herramientas de automatización de la traducción (DeepL o SmartCat, y ChatGPT) para comparar su propia versión con las dos generadas por traducción automática (TA) e inteligencia artificial (IA). Finalmente, evaluaron los tres textos meta a través de un cuestionario. En este artículo se exponen los resultados obtenidos a partir de la actividad, con el objetivo de ofrecer una visión de la percepción del alumnado de Traducción Multimedia acerca del uso de la traducción automatizada, específicamente en lo que respecta a cinco aspectos fundamentales en el proceso de traducción: la calidad global del texto meta, la precisión terminológica, la coherencia y fluidez lingüística, la interpretación del contexto sociocultural y la intención comunicativa, y la corrección gramatical y sintáctica. El estudio confirma que la traducción humana (TH) es mejor valorada que la TA y a la traducción generada por IA en todas las categorías, y que esta diferencia es más notoria en aquellas relacionadas con aspectos subjetivos del lenguaje. De manera más específica, la TH destaca principalmente por su coherencia, fluidez y capacidad para interpretar los aspectos contextuales y socioculturales en la comunicación.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This study describes a pre-experimental and exploratory design developed over two academic years, in which 57 students from a higher education institution were faced with the simulation of a reverse translation project (Spanish-English) for the website of a mock brewery located in the Andalusian city of Cordoba (Spain). The website was created ad hoc for this task and contained a large number of terms related to Andalusian cuisine, as well as cultural references, localisms and idiomatic expressions with a humorous undertone. After performing a creative translation to transfer the cultural and humorous features successfully, participants obtained versions generated with at least two automated translation tools (DeepL or SmartCat, and ChatGPT) to compare their own translations with those generated by machine translation (MT) and artificial intelligence (AI). Finally, they assessed the three target texts through a questionnaire. This paper presents the results obtained from the activity, with the aim of providing an insight into the Multimedia Translation students' perception of the use of MT and AI, specifically regarding five key aspects of the translation process: the overall quality of the target text, terminological accuracy, linguistic coherence and fluency, interpretation of the socio-cultural context and communicative intention, and grammatical and syntactic accuracy. The study confirms that human translation (HT) is rated higher than MT and AI in all the categories, and that this gap is more pronounced when it comes to the subjective aspects of language. More specifically, HT stands out for its coherence, fluency and ability to interpret contextual and socio-cultural factors in communication.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In this article I approach literary translators’ associations in the context of late twentieth century Spain through the theoretical lens of Bourdieu’s sociology of literature. I argue that one important function of the activism that these organizations promoted was the social construction of literary translation as a form of literature in its own right. In this article I present multiple instances of how translators made use of the communicative spaces that their associations created (round tables, publications, conferences, interviews, etc.) to publicly represent translation as a kind of creation which can be largely autonomous from economic as well as scholarly considerations, and which presents three traits that are specific to literature. These traits are self-referentiality, ability to create its own object, and a structure defined by a heteronomous and an autonomous pole. This sociological approach to a largely understudied dimension of translators’ collective action invites us to revise the notion that literary translators’ associations function as professional bodies that, for the most part, fail to protect the interests of their members.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen El presente trabajo ofrece un panorama de las lenguas fuente de las traducciones literarias publicadas en Uruguay en función de los datos obtenidos en el proyecto interdisciplinario 150 años de traducción literaria en imprentas y editoriales de Uruguay (1871-2021). Tal panorama surge de la primera fase del proyecto, en la que recurrimos al uso de herramientas computacionales para procesar un significativo volumen de información, desde la perspectiva de la big translation history. La fuente principal de esta investigación es el catálogo informatizado de la Biblioteca Nacional del Uruguay, cuyos datos catalográficos fueron curados y complementados con los de otros catálogos por las autoras y por un grupo de investigadoras en formación que colaboran con el proyecto. El presente artículo examina la variable “lengua fuente” en el arco temporal. Mediante el análisis de la relación entre algunas lenguas fuente y los entes editoriales que han publicado traducciones en Uruguay, estudia el papel jugado por las diferentes lenguas en el ecosistema editorial uruguayo. El panorama ofrecido, al mostrar oscilaciones entre las lenguas fuente más y menos frecuentes, da lugar a una serie de hipótesis acerca de los flujos traductivos en el Uruguay. Estas variaciones responden a fenómenos migratorios, educativos, culturales, sociopolíticos y traductivos, entre otros, que se discuten de manera individualizada.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This paper offers an overview of the source languages of literary translations published in Uruguay based on the data obtained in the interdisciplinary project 150 years of literary translation in printing and publishing houses in Uruguay (1871-2021). Such an overview emerges from the first phase of the project, in which we employed computational tools to process a large volume of information from the perspective of big translation history. The main source of this research is the computerised catalogue of the Biblioteca Nacional del Uruguay, whose cataloguing information was curated and supplemented with other catalogues’ information by the authors and by a group of research trainees collaborating with the project. This paper examines the ‘source language’ variable across the entire time span of the project. By analysing the relationship between some of the source languages and the publishing houses that have published translations in Uruguay, it studies the role played by different languages in the Uruguayan publishing ecosystem. By showing oscillations between the most and least frequent source languages, the panorama that we offer gives rise to a series of hypotheses about translation flows in Uruguay. These variations respond to migratory, educational, cultural, socio-political and translational phenomena, among others, which are discussed individually.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The quest for an optimum method has for some time now landed translation pedagogy in social constructivism and task-based instruction. For all the agreement that exists on the need to make changes and adapt task-based instruction to translation teaching, there are still theoretical limitations, practical implementation barriers, and contextual mismatches between the tenets of task-based instruction and translation training needs, and research on the procedural details of a translation lesson or the dynamics of a task-based translation classroom remains sporadic, if scarce. In this article, we have drawn on the extant literature on translation competence, translation teaching best practices, a limited-scale study on an earlier version, expert feedback, and our own experience as translation trainers to develop an instructional cycle that may potentially address the foregoing shortcomings. We have proposed a tailor-made performance-based instruction and assessment task cycle that could complement the current proposed task-based instruction designs for translation teaching. We have then borrowed from the concept of the post-method era in language teaching and concluded that the search for a single best method of translation teaching ought to give way to an alternative approach that develops trainees’ translation competence within their unique translation ecology.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The importance of integrating sustainability into language education is currently being addressed in English Language Teaching (ELT) and Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Therefore, the English course for translation trainees could become the moment in which socially engaged language educators can work towards developing a sense of a balanced relationship with nature by tackling the anthropocentric linguistic strategies in the source text. This is favoured by the specific teaching goals of ELT for translator training, involving awareness of variations in meaning, use, and register, and examination of the writer’s attitude and viewpoint. Combining cutting-edge research on teaching English in translator training with TESOL for sustainability, this contribution proposes a lesson plan that implements the theoretical principles connected to teaching sustainability and ecological issues aimed at translator trainees. Ecolinguistics will be used as a methodology to guide the analysis of environmental texts. The goal is to help students develop awareness of form and meaning, which is among the specific translation-oriented English teaching objectives. This article will thus provide English teachers working in translation courses with activities that are specifically created to suit the objectives of linguistic training for translators.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen La divulgación científica ha sido un esfuerzo constante desde los inicios de la producción científica en el siglo XVII, ganando particular relevancia a partir de 1980. Tradicionalmente se la considera como un puente entre la comunidad especializada y el gran público. Dicho puente implica el traslado de la información dentro la misma lengua del conocimiento científico entre dos públicos con contextos y expectativas diferentes. Este proceso comunicativo genera representaciones e interpretaciones de la ciencia a través del discurso; sin embargo, existe un vacío epistémico para abordar la divulgación científica desde un enfoque discursivo. Por su parte, la traducción, un oficio mucho más antiguo –aunque un proceso inconmensurable, según Kuhn– tiene resultados tangibles siempre perfectibles en los que están involucrados procesos de traslación de información de un contexto a otro diferente en diferentes lenguas. Es debido a estos aparentes pero concretos paralelismos que en el siguiente manuscrito analizaremos la divulgación científica y la traducción como dos fenómenos discursivos profundamente entrelazados. Para ello, abordaremos por separado la divulgación científica y la traducción, para después identificar similitudes históricas y retóricas, así como puntos de encuentro y de divergencia. Con ambos fenómenos en convergencia, procuraremos (1) identificar posibles analogías desde una perspectiva literaria que fortalezcan, desde un paradigma contextualizado, el proceso de adaptación cultural de la divulgación científica y (2) delinear posibles puntos de encuentro en donde puedan entrelazarse como procesos retóricos y sociolingüísticos de naturaleza similar. Finalmente, concluiremos que, a pesar de sus distintas tradiciones epistémicas y de las discrepancias de algunos autores, ambas tienen una historia de convergencia evolutiva, es decir, ambos fenómenos son, quizás no homólogos, pero sí, en mayor o menor medida, análogos.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Science communication has been a steady effort since the very beginning of science creation and production in the XVII century. Nevertheless, it has attracted special attention since 1980. Normally, it is identified as a bridge between the specialized circle and the general public. This bridge implies transferring information in the same language of scientific knowledge between two different audiences with different contexts and expectations. This communicative process generates images and results of the science coming from discourse. Nonetheless, an epistemic void exists to address science communication from a discursive point of view. On its own, translation, an older profession and an incommensurable process—says Kuhn—has tangible results always to be perfected in which transfer information processes from one context to another in different languages are involved. Due to these apparent but concrete parallelisms, we analyzed science communication and translation as two deeply intertwined discursive phenomena. For this to take place, we will firstly talk separately about science communication and translation, and we will later identify historic and rhetorical similarities, as well as convergence and divergence statements. With both phenomena converging, we will (1) identify possible analogies from a literary approach that allow us to enhance, from a contextualized model, the process of cultural adaptation of science communication and (2) outline possible encounter points in which they can meet as rhetoric and sociolinguistic processes of equal nature. Finally, we will conclude that, despite them coming from different epistemic traditions and against opposite opinions from different authors, both have a history of evolutive convergence, namely, both phenomena are perhaps not homologous, but rather more or less analogous.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumo La cooperación judicial internacional constituye un posible ámbito de trabajo para traductores e intérpretes y un área de investigación de interés por diferentes motivos (lenguaje, organización conceptual y terminología propios). Sin embargo, este ámbito no suele incluirse en la formación en traducción e interpretación a nivel de grado y postgrado y es un tema poco investigado desde el punto de vista traductológico. Teniendo en cuenta este contexto, este estudio se enmarca en la necesidad de documentación de los/las profesionales de la traducción e interpretación jurídica interesados/as en especializarse en la cooperación judicial internacional, un campo con varias particularidades. Más concretamente, tiene como objetivo principal determinar y definir la terminología más representativa de determinados textos específicos en el contexto del reconocimiento judicial penal internacional mutuo y sus combinaciones léxicas o colocaciones. Asimismo, presenta una metodología de trabajo de utilidad tanto para la especialización como para la formación en la combinación lingüística español-inglés-rumano.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract International judicial cooperation constitutes a potential field of work for translators and interpreters (with its own language, conceptual organisation, and terminology) and an area of research of interest for several reasons. However, this field is not usually addressed in the training of translators and interpreters in undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Moreover, little research has been conducted within the translation studies literature regarding international judicial cooperation. Against this background, this study is framed by the need for legal translators and interpreters to conduct documental research to specialise in international judicial cooperation, given the particularities of this field. More specifically, its main objective is to determine and define the most representative terminology considering specific texts in the context of international criminal judicial mutual recognition and its lexical combinations or collocations. It presents a methodology for both specialisation and training purposes in the Spanish-English-Romanian linguistic combination.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The internet and the online resources it provides are essential tools for modern translation practice. In the ever-evolving field of medical translation, using these tools appropriately is especially important when sourcing suitable equivalents for terminology. In this preliminary study, we compare the use of online dictionaries, search engines, corpora, and online translation software by translation students and professional translators. Inspired by our experience of running a funded postgraduate professional medical translation project and based on our own experience as both lecturers in medical translation and professional translators, we designed questionnaires to determine how students and professional translators regard online resources and use them in their work. Our aim is to draw conclusions about how these essential tools are used in practice by postgraduate translation students and professionals in the field of medicine. Our findings will help inform our teaching planning with a view to better preparing students for the world of medical translation.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Perdurou por muito tempo na área da tradução métodos avaliativos pouco criteriosos, baseados em níveis de correspondência com o texto de partida e pautados por princípios genéricos e não definidos de fidelidade e equivalência. Na avaliação de traduções, no âmbito de ensino, a conferência magistral, isto é, a versão autorizada do professor permanece sendo usada como parâmetro de aceitabilidade dos textos produzidos por estudantes. Nesse contexto, torna-se imperativo o desenvolvimento de critérios e métodos avaliativos mais claros e que sirvam como retroação e como guia para práticas pedagógicas orientadas à necessidade de aprendizagem real de discentes. Com isso em mente, este artigo visa a descrever e considerar a aplicabilidade de uma metodologia componencial a processos avaliativos mais objetivos: a análise computadorizada de erros. Com a descrição de um sistema de anotação de erros, o Translation-oriented Annotation system, pretende-se demonstrar como a análise de erros pode ser integrada ao processo avaliativo no ensino de tradução, fornecendo subsídios para adaptações/ reelaborações de planos de ensino e de materiais didáticos que supram as dificuldades relativas à produção linguística de estudantes de tradução.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract For many years, loosely defined assessment methods, based on levels of correspondence between source and target texts and on vague principles of fidelity and equivalence, have prevailed in the field of translation. In many translation education settings, translation assessment continues to rely on the expert's authorized version; that is, the instructor's version still serves as the acceptability standard by which students’ translations are evaluated. Within this context, the need arises to establish clearer and better-defined assessment criteria and methods that can be used both as a basis for feedback and as guidelines for needs-based pedagogical practices. This article seeks to describe and explore the applicability of a componential methodology in more objective assessment processes: computer-assisted error analysis. Through a detailed description of the Translation-oriented Annotation System, the paper demonstrates how error analysis can be integrated into the assessment process in translation education, providing resources for adapting or redesigning curricula and learning materials to address the specific challenges faced by translation students in their linguistic production.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In simultaneous interpreting (SI) from a subject-verb-object (SVO) language such as English, Arabic simultaneous interpreters are confronted with the dilemma of choosing between the default, dominant, and unmarked V-initial or VSO structure, or a derived and marked S-initial or SV(O) structure. The choice of the former may cause memory overload and omissions or failure due to prolonged time lag and excessive storage of input chunks, especially if structural asymmetry coincides with such extreme factors as high source language (SL) input rate, structural complexity and/or information density. By contrast, the choice of any of the SV(O) structures available in Arabic can help interpreters closely follow the structure of SL discourse and avoid potential risks despite the shift of focus and emphasis brought about by the marked SV(O) structure. Using a corpus-based analysis of an English-to-Arabic parallel multimodal corpus of mediated and non-mediated discourse, the article seeks to determine which structure is used more frequently in simultaneously interpreted speeches compared to translated and original ones. The results indicated the dominance of the S-initial structure in SI, whereas the V-initial structure dominated translations and original speeches and that the choice of structure was impacted by mediation type (SI vs. translation) and language modality (written vs. spoken). These findings help relate the choice of structure to the SI process and suggest that the interpreters adopted structure-based processing. The results contribute to the research on a relatively under-investigated language pair and are valuable for informing SI training.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Integrating translation technology (TT) into specialized translation training has long been a challenge for Translation and Interpreting (T&I) undergraduate programmes. However, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative AI, has intensified the debate on how universities should adapt to technological advancements in the language industry. While the profession rapidly embraces AI-driven tools, higher education institutions face structural, pedagogical, and institutional barriers that hinder their timely incorporation. This study critically examines five key challenges to the integration of TT in Spanish T&I undergraduate programmes: (1) the rigidity of the university system, (2) the heterogeneity of T&I curricula, (3) the lack of adequate physical and digital resources, (4) the need for faculty training in TT, and (5) the persistent gap between academia and the translation market. Drawing on recent literature, this study explores how these challenges impact the feasibility of incorporating TT into translator education and discusses its role in reshaping teaching methodologies. The findings highlight the urgent need for curriculum flexibility, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustained dialogue between academia and industry. The article argues that a gradual, adaptive approach could mitigate institutional constraints while preparing students for evolving professional realities. Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of fostering a balanced approach between technological innovation and the core competencies of translation, ensuring that future translators can critically engage with AI-enhanced workflows.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen El presente estudio de caso analiza la calidad del subtitulado interlingüístico en vivo generado mediante un flujo de trabajo compuesto por rehablado intralingüístico y traducción automática. El enfoque fue cualitativo y el nivel, descriptivo. El corpus estuvo constituido por los subtítulos en español de una entrevista en inglés. Se aplicó el modelo NTR para medir la tasa de precisión, así como una evaluación de parámetros complementarios como el retraso, la velocidad y la coherencia audiovisual. Además, se recogió la percepción de 31 participantes a través de un cuestionario que evaluó la comprensión literal, inferencial y crítica, así como los otros factores de calidad del modelo NTR. Los resultados revelaron una tasa de precisión del 97,57 % (4/10), que no alcanzó el umbral mínimo de calidad. Los participantes también encontraron dificultades de lectura, retraso significativo y problemas en la comprensión literal. Se concluye que, en este flujo de trabajo, la traducción automática sigue representando el principal obstáculo para garantizar subtítulos de calidad, principalmente por errores de forma.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This case study analyzes the quality of live interlingual subtitling produced through a workflow combining intralingual respeaking and machine translation. The study follows a qualitative, descriptive approach. The corpus consists of Spanish subtitles derived from an English-language interview. The NTR model was applied to calculate the accuracy rate and assess additional quality parameters such as delay, reading speed, and audiovisual coherence. Furthermore, the perceptions of 31 participants were collected via a questionnaire designed to measure literal, inferential, and critical comprehension, as well as subjective evaluation of quality factors. The results revealed an accuracy rate of 97.57% (4/10), which falls below the minimum acceptable quality threshold. Participants also reported difficulties related to subtitle legibility, significant delay, and challenges in literal comprehension. The study concludes that, within this workflow, machine translation remains the main barrier to achieving high-quality subtitles, primarily due to frequent errors in form.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Although evaluating the effectiveness of training courses on translation technology is essential, previous studies have primarily evaluated such courses based on trainee translators’ satisfaction or knowledge acquisition, paying little attention to behavioral changes in trainee translators and the long-term outcomes of the training. Drawing on convergent mixed methods design, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the translation technology course provided by Iranian universities at MA level based on the perceptions of Iranian MA translation students and graduates. To this end, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 63 Iranian MA translation students and graduates via two questionnaires. The results, according to the New World Kirkpatrick Model, indicated that the translation technology course provided by Iranian universities at MA level seems to lack training effectiveness. The findings suggest that there possibly exists a gap between what is taught and the needs of the translation market in the Iranian context.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Se os Lusíadas tiveram a primeira versão completa em língua italiana em 1658, a poesia lírica deveria esperar pelo séc. XVII para ser incluída em florilégios poéticos em tradução. Acompanhando as fases de “sístole” e “diástole” do corpus lírico camoniano, tendo na monumental edição de 1913 de Tommaso Cannizzaro a expressão mais eloquente do interesse dos intelectuais italianos relativamente à produção lírica do poeta português, a apreciação da poesia de Camões em Itália parece essencialmente circunscrita à forma soneto e especificamente inclinada a encontrar e enaltecer os ecos petrarquescos. A minha intervenção visa, pois, inventariar (quanto possível) as traduções italianas da produção lírica do poeta português, refletindo também sobre a sua receção e sobre questões relativas ao corpus, à edição e às estratégias tradutivas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract If the Lusiads had its first complete version in Italian in 1658, lyric poetry had to wait until the 17th century to be included in translated poetic florilegia. Following the phases of “systole” and “diastole” of Camões’ lyrical corpus and having in Tommaso Cannizzaro’s monumental 1913 edition the most eloquent expression of the Italian intellectuals’ interest in the Portuguese poet’s lyrical production, the appreciation of Camões’ poetry in Italy seems essentially limited to the sonnet form and specifically inclined to detect and exalt the Petrarchan echoes. My intervention aims, therefore, to inventory (as much as possible) the Italian translations of the lyric production of the Portuguese poet, reflecting also on its reception and on issues related to the corpus, the edition and the translation strategies.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumen La traducción y circulación de la obra de Rosalía de Castro en Italia no es muy extensa, aunque en los últimos años se ha apreciado una mayor presencia. La excepción italiana radica en la temprana aparición de un testimonio rosaliano en la revista La Rassegna Nazionale (1885). A partir de esta primera reseña y traducción de un poema del libro En las orillas del Sar (1884), el presente trabajo analiza la red de relaciones entre Galicia e Italia que hizo posible esta primera publicación. El objetivo es plantear algunas hipótesis sobre los agentes culturales que participaron en la llegada de la obra de Rosalía a Italia, basándose en cartas, documentos e incluso novelas contemporáneas que reconstruyen el ambiente italiano en el que se produjo esta recepción.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The translation and circulation of Rosalía de Castro’s work in Italy is not very extensive, although in recent years there has been a greater presence. The Italian exception lies in the early appearance of a reference to Rosalía in the magazine La Rassegna Nazionale (1885). Based on this first review and translation of a poem from the book En las orillas del Sar (1884), this paper analyses the network of relationships between Galicia and Italy that made this first publication possible. The aim is to put forward some hypotheses about the cultural agents who participated in the arrival of Rosalía’s work in Italy, based on letters, documents and even contemporary novels that reconstruct the Italian setting in which this reception took place.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo O livro The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Methodology é uma coletânea de artigos que discutem a relação entre tradução e metodologia, com foco em pesquisa e ensino de tradução. Os editores, Fábio Zanettin e Christopher Rundle, são pesquisadores reconhecidos na área e trazem contribuições de autores de diferentes partes do mundo, o que enriquece a discussão. O livro é dividido em cinco partes, que abordam temas como a história da pesquisa em tradução, metodologias de pesquisa, ensino de tradução e a relação entre tradução e tecnologia. A obra é uma leitura recomendada para pesquisadores e professores de tradução, bem como para estudantes de pós-graduação na área.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The interwar period (1918-1939) in Britain coincided with the height of the so-called female middlebrow novel, which middle-class female authors wrote as a testament to the complexity and richness of their inner worlds and domesticity. These novels have already been thoroughly examined in their literary polysystem, but a lot remains to be done regarding their translation. Thus, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the dissemination of this type of novel in the Spanish literary polysystem. By conducting a corpus-based study, aspects such as how many of these novels remain untranslated, when did most of them reach the Spanish market or which factors governed these exchanges have been explored. Findings suggest that the modern revival of the female middlebrow novel in Britain—motivated, among other factors, by the efforts to rebalance the literary canon gender-wise—has found its echo in Spain through translation. This frames the female middlebrow novel within the phenomenon of the re-configuration of the canon, confirming it to be a proper case study for a wider investigation on the role of translation in this matter. However, the results presented in this paper also bring up new questions, mainly on the reasons behind these trends, which at the moment are merely speculative and which would need to be more thoroughly considered in the future.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Este artigo busca traçar os contornos dos Estudos da Interpretação Feminista e contribuir para uma definição da interpretação feminista a partir da análise do papel de doulas-intérpretes brasileiras na Alemanha. Os Estudos da Interpretação Feminista são um campo emergente dos Estudos da Interpretação e dos Estudos Tradução Feminista, tendo sido recentemente nomeados por Susam-Saraeva et al. (2023), na esteira de diversas produções nos Estudos da Interpretação clamando por uma formação feminista (e decolonial) de intérpretes (Marey-Castro & Del-Pozo-Triviño, 2020; Norma & Garcia-Caro, 2016). Mas o que seria a interpretação feminista? Em que ela se distingue da interpretação ativista, categoria em que vem sendo incluída? A partir de entrevistas em profundidade com três doulas-intérpretes, visa-se: (1) abordar uma lacuna teórica nos Estudos da Interpretação, representada pelos Estudos da Interpretação Feminista, traçando os contornos e contribuindo para a definição de interpretação feminista, e (2) descrever e refletir sobre o papel de doulas-intérpretes na experiência de parto de brasileiras na Alemanha à luz dos Estudos da Interpretação Feminista, por meio da noção de colonialidade da linguagem (Lugones, 2006; Veronelli, 2015) e da interpretação inter-epistêmica (Robinson, 2017). Este estudo conclui que a tênue linha divisória entre a interpretação feminista e a ativista reside no fato de que, para alcançar a primeira, intérpretes visam garantir que, na passagem pelas instituições patriarcais, coloniais e capitalistas, as mulheres saiam ilesas ou com mitigação de danos graças à interpretação linguística e interepistêmica.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This paper aims at framing Feminist Interpreting Studies and contributing towards defining Feminist Interpreting based on the study of the role of Brazilian doula-interpreters in Germany. Feminist Interpreting Studies is an emerging field, recently named by Susam-Saraeva et al. (2023) in the wake of scholarship in interpreting and gender calling for a feminist (and decolonial) interpreter training (Marey-Castro & Del-Pozo-Triviño, 2020; Norma & Garcia-Caro, 2016). But what is feminist interpreting? How does it differ from activist interpreting, a category under which it has been subsumed? Based on in-depth interviews with three doula-interpreters in Germany, I aim to: (1) address a theoretical gap in Interpreting Studies, represented by Feminist Interpreting Studies, while contributing to defining feminist interpreting, and (2) describe and reflect on the role of doula-interpreters in the birth experience of Brazilian women in Germany in light of the Feminist Interpreting Studies and the notion of the coloniality of language (Lugones, 2006; Veronelli, 2015) and inter-epistemic interpreting (Robinson, 2017). This study concludes that the fine line between feminist and activist interpreting lies in that, to achieve the former, interpreters aim at ensuring that women navigate patriarchal, colonial, and capitalist institutions unscathed or with mitigated harm via linguistic and inter-epistemic interpreting.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Este artigo explora os fluxos de textos teóricos dos Estudos Feministas da Tradução (EFT) traduzidos ao português brasileiro, de 1998 a 2024, a fim de analisar as formas pelas quais as traduções podem consolidar ou desestabilizar paradigmas acadêmicos hegemônicos. Primeiramente, traçamos um panorama dos principais debates teóricos da área, tanto do contexto ocidental quanto do contexto específico do Brasil, o que nos possibilitou argumentar que as elaborações teóricas sobre tradução e gênero estão amalgamadas às práxis feministas de tradução decorrentes das demandas por transformação social. Em seguida, consideramos as implicações do inglês como língua franca para consolidação de diálogos feministas em diferentes contextos. Então, analisamos um corpus de 25 traduções de textos dos EFT (cujo amplo conceito compreendido no artigo inclui também textos com perspectivas queer), com base em cinco variáveis: (1) anos e contextos de publicações das traduções ao português; (2) anos e contextos de publicação dos textos-fonte; (3) autorias traduzidas; (4) rede de organizadories de trabalhos e tradutories; e (5) idiomas e geocontextos dos textos-fonte. Nossos resultados demonstram uma recente emergência de traduções ao português brasileiro no campo dos EFT. Em nossa discussão das implicações políticas desses fluxos tradutórios, evidenciamos os riscos concernentes às assimetrias de poder entre centros hegemônicos da produção do conhecimento e contextos historicamente marginalizados. Mais especificamente, nosso estudo demonstra a tendência brasileira na validação de teorias euro-norte-centradas, juntamente com práticas de citação que privilegiam o conhecimento hegemônico como forma de legitimar o conhecimento localizado/situado.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This article explores the translation flows of scholarly works on Feminist Translation Studies (FTS) into Brazilian Portuguese between 1998 and 2024, with a view to determining whether these translations may destabilise or, conversely, consolidate existing hegemonic paradigms. We begin by tracing the main theoretical debates in this field, both within a Western framework and in the specific context of Brazil. This allows us to contend that theoretical elaborations on gender and translation are shaped in response to the social demands motivating feminist translation practices. Secondly, we consider the (problematic) role of English as a lingua franca in enabling dialogues among feminists from different contexts. After presenting our corpus of 25 translations of FTS works (understood broadly enough so as to encompass texts informed by queer perspectives), we examine it according to five analytical variables: (1) the year and context of publication of the translations; (2) the year and context of publication of the source texts; (3) the authors translated; (4) the translators, scholars and other editors involved in the translation process; and (5) the linguistic and geographical contexts of the source texts. Our findings reveal a recent surge in translations of FTS into Brazilian Portuguese, with university presses and journals playing a central role. In our discussion of the political implications of the circulation of these translated works, we argue these flows risk reinforcing power asymmetries between hegemonic centres of knowledge production and historically marginalised contexts. More specifically, our study demonstrates Brazil’s tendency to validate Euro-North-American theories, alongside citation practices that privilege ‘foreign’ knowledge as a means of conferring legitimacy upon local scholarship.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Este artigo analisa as reflexões de Hans-Georg Gadamer sobre o ato da tradução poética, tendo como eixo central uma entrevista concedida pelo filósofo em Heidelberg, em 28 de setembro de 2001, e uma correspondência prévia entre ele e sua tradutora brasileira, de 9 de julho de 2001. Partindo da tese da (in)traduzibilidade da lírica e do conceito de escutar junto (mithören) no ato tradutório, o estudo articula a posição gadameriana com os fundamentos da hermenêutica filosófica, explorando suas implicações para uma epistemologia da tradução. Com reflexões sobre a lírica de Paul Celan, tópico da entrevista e da carta, examinamos esse “acorde” entre ler, interpretar e traduzir no ato de “escuta” do tradutor. O artigo identifica e explora as tensões constitutivas na posição gadameriana, propondo que sua contribuição específica reside em compreender a tradução como ato hermenêutico transformador que exige escuta conjunta, fidelidade radical ao poema de partida e criatividade responsável na língua de chegada.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This article analyzes Hans-Georg Gadamer’s reflections on the act of poetic translation, focusing on an interview with the philosopher in Heidelberg on September 28, 2001, and a previous correspondence between Gadamer and her Brazilian translator dated July 9, 2001. Based on the thesis of the (un)translatability of lyrics and the concept of co-listening (mithören) in the act of translation, the study articulates Gadamer’s position with the foundations of philosophical hermeneutics, exploring its implications for an epistemology of translation. Through reflections on Paul Celan’s lyrics, topic of the interview and the letter, we examine this “chord” between reading, interpreting, and translating in the translator’s act of “listening”. The article identifies and explores the constitutive tensions in Gadamer’s position, proposing that his specific contribution lies in understanding translation as a transformative hermeneutic act that demands co-listening, radical fidelity to the source poem, and responsible creativity in the target language.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Florence Jabavu (1895-1951) foi uma intelectual e ativista de Cabo Oriental, atual África do Sul, que trabalhou em prol da educação e do bem-estar das mulheres africanas durante as primeiras décadas do século XX. Vinda de uma família intelectual e missionária, fundou a African Women’s Self-Improvement Association (em tradução nossa, Associação de Autoaperfeiçoamento das Mulheres Africanas) que instruía e apoiava mulheres negras residentes de áreas rurais. Neste artigo, apresentamos e comentamos a nossa tradução do inglês para o português brasileiro de seu texto “Life in the Kraals”, em que Jabavu discute as influências ocidentais no estilo de vida em comunidade de povos banto da região. Com um enfoque direcionado a dinâmicas de gênero e à situação da mulher, Jabavu chama a atenção para os efeitos do colonialismo na configuração de um novo modelo social em Cabo Oriental. Os comentários à tradução trazem à tona uma reflexão sobre a intraduzibilidade, entendida aqui como uma escassez de traduções de autoras africanas, reflexo de uma desconsideração dos bens culturais africanos como patrimônio mundial (Cassin, 2022; Wozny & Cassin, 2014), bem como o desafio de traduzir culturas não-Ocidentais e não contemporâneas para a atualidade de uma língua-cultura ocidental (Oyěwùmí, 2021). Assim, refletimos sobre as possibilidades de um projeto tradutório engajado tanto com os Estudos Feministas da Tradução (Flotow, 1997) quanto com a tradução de textualidades negras e africanas (Carneiro, 2023; Carrascosa, 2016; Lima et al., 2022; Salgueiro, 2014).

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Florence Jabavu (1895-1951) was an intellectual and activist from the Eastern Cape, in present-day South Africa. She worked for the education and well-being of African women during the early decades of the twentieth century. Coming from an intellectual and missionary family, she founded the African Women’s Self-Improvement Association. This association instructed and supported Black women living in rural areas. In this article, we present and discuss our translation into Brazilian Portuguese of her text “Life in the Kraals”, in which Jabavu examines the influence of Western culture on the communal lifestyle of Bantu peoples in the region. Jabavu draws attention to the effects of colonialism in shaping a new social model in the Eastern Cape with a focus on gender dynamics and the condition of women. Our commentary on the translation highlights a reflection on untranslatability, understood here as the scarcity of translations of African women writers. This fact reflects the disregard for African cultural artifacts as part of world heritage (Cassin, 2022; Wozny & Cassin, 2014), as well as the challenge of translating non-Western and non-contemporary cultures into the present-day language-culture of the West (Oyěwùmí, 2021). Thus, we reflect on the possibilities of a translation project engaged both with Feminist Translation Studies (Flotow, 1997) and with the translation of Black and African textualities (Carneiro, 2023; Carrascosa, 2016; Lima et al., 2022; Salgueiro, 2014).

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Contribuir para a circulação das obras de mulheres ignoradas pelo cânone misógino ao longo da história, embora seja tarefa consolidada e reconhecida nos Estudos Feministas da Tradução, é fonte de vários desafios. Entre eles, cabe a nós, tradutoras feministas do século XXI, a negociação com a visão de mundo das mulheres que queremos promover. Não é incomum que autoras cujas obras têm qualidade literária inquestionável ou compartilham valores importantes para a justiça social e de gênero, ao mesmo tempo, afirmem ou sugiram valores que ferem a sensibilidade contemporânea, a ideologia política ou o feminismo que defendemos. Este artigo nasce, em especial, das pesquisas e do trabalho de tradução envolvendo textos narrativos de Marchesa Colombi (1840-1920) e Amalia Guglielminetti (1881-1941), duas escritoras de destaque na cena literária italiana do final do século XIX e início do século XX, que acabaram sendo relegadas ao esquecimento. Esses casos serão utilizados para refletirmos sobre alguns dos desafios e possíveis negociações em um processo ainda aberto, sem conclusão, com o estímulo de ideias vindas dos estudos da memória, da teoria literária e da ética da tradução.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Promoting the circulation of works by women long ignored by the misogynistic literary canon remains an important yet challenging task. Although this endeavor is well established within Feminist Translation Studies, it continues to raise complex questions – particularly the need to engage with the worldviews of those women whose voices we, as feminist translators of the 21st century, seek to amplify. At times, however, these authors combine remarkable literary achievement with commitments to social criticism and gender justice, alongside views that unsettle contemporary sensibilities, challenge our political beliefs, and differ from our vision of feminism. This paper emerges from research and translation work on the fiction of Marchesa Colombi (1840-1920) and Amalia Guglielminetti (1881-1941), two prominent writers from the late 19th- and early 20th-century Italian literary scene who have since been relegated to oblivion. These cases provide a basis for reflecting on the challenges and possible negotiations involved in a process that remains open and ongoing, in dialogue with studies on memory, literary theory, and the ethics of translation.