Evaluation of food processing with the management of food, water, and energy nexus in Baghdad, Iraq

YASIN, Ghulam; BRONTOWIYONO, Widodo; OPULENCIA, Maria Jade Catalan; SHARMA, Sandhir; SHALABY, Mohammed Nader; AL-THAMIR, Mohaimen; JALIL, Abduladheem Turki; JABBAR, Abdullah Hasan; ISWANTO, Acim Heri

doi:10.1590/fst.37822

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.37822 copy

Evaluation of food processing with the management of food, water, and energy nexus in Baghdad, Iraq

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Efficient use of water and energy is crucial in food processing. One of the major problems in the food processing is the creation of food waste. Reducing food waste is essential to fill the global food gap and help reduce water and energy gaps around the world. Also, efficient use of water and energy in food processing is crucial. Examining scientific sources, it seems that Nexus thinking can be considered as the key to reducing food waste. Proper planning and management of limited water, energy, and food resources to meet society's economic and social needs for sustainable development is always a challenging issue. In this paper, considering the two thermal power plants with coal fuel and natural gas fuel in Baghdad, the relationship between food production, water consumption, energy production, and CO₂ emissions has been investigated. Considering three periods (5 years) and estimating demand and forecasting energy and food production, Nexus has been studied between water, food, and energy parameters. During these three periods, the amount of natural gas consumption has increased by 13.13%, 25.7%, and 28.79% compared to the total energy. Also, in the optimal case, the cost of the system is $ 5.65 billion.

Keywords:
agricultural sector; food crisis; food, water, and energy nexus; sustainable development; economic and social needs

Parameters	Consecutive five-year periods, A
Parameters	A = 1	A = 2	A = 3
Electricity demand (PJ)	99	109	122
Food demand (ton)	59000	68000	75000
Accessible to coal (PJ)	266	249	228
Access to natural gas (PJ)	132	119	107
Maximum groundwater in access (billion gal)	48	45	42
The maximum amount of available surface water (billion gal)	29	28	26
The maximum amount of recyclable water (billion gal)	27	25	22
Maximum CO2 emissions (million tons)	14.3	-	-

Parameters	Consecutive five-year periods, A
Parameters	A = 1	A = 2	A = 3
Average operating costs for coal energy supply (million $/PJ)	2.81	3.11	3.25
Average operating costs for natural gas energy supply (million $/PJ)	4.68	4.95	5.31
Average operating costs for power generation at coal power plants (million $/PJ)	0.14	0.16	0.21
Average operating costs for electricity generation in natural gas power plants (million $/PJ)	0.49	0.53	0.56
Food production unit costs ($/ton)	151.2	163.4	178.9
CO₂ reduction costs for electricity generation ($/million kg)	11900	13800	15700
CO₂ reduction costs for food production ($/ton)	11.1	12.1	13.2
Groundwater supply costs for food production ($/10³ gal)	2.01	2.38	2.87
Costs of surface water supply for food production ($/10³ gal)	2.31	2.61	3.28
Groundwater supply costs for electricity generation of coal power plants ($/10³ gal)	2.05	2.51	3.01
Groundwater supply costs for electricity generation of natural gas power plants ($/10³ gal)	1.86	2.22	2.73
Costs of surface water supply for electricity generation of coal power plant ($/10³ gal)	1.84	2.21	2.59
Costs of surface water supply for electricity generation of natural gas power plant ($/10³ gal)	2.09	2.71	3.18
Costs of providing recycled water resources to generate electricity for the coal power plant ($/10³ gal)	4.18	4.41	4.57
Costs of supplying recycled water resources to generate electricity for natural gas power plants ($/103 gal)	4.38	4.51	4.69

Parameters	Consecutive five-year periods, A
Parameters	A = 1	A = 2	A = 3
Need an energy unit to produce food (10^-6 PJ/ton)	2.49	2.66	2.81
Need for an energy unit to collect, treat and deliver water (KWh/1000 gal)	3.49	3.71	3.89
Water needed to produce food (gal/ton)	655000	681000	702000
Most electricity is available for food production (PJ)	0.22	0.24	0.25
Most electricity is available for water collection, treatment, and delivery (PJ)	1.03	1.19	1.31
Energy carrier unit on electricity generation unit in coal power plant (PJ/PJ)	3.17	2.98	2.88
Energy carrier unit on electricity generation unit in natural gas power plant (PJ/PJ)	2.55	2.37	2.28
CO₂ emissions per generation of electricity in a coal-fired power plant (million kg/PJ)	258.1	250.35	244.88
CO₂ emissions in exchange for electricity generation in a natural gas power plant (million kg/PJ)	149.34	146.45	144.3

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[1] *Corresponding author: widodo.bronto@uii.ac.id