Physical, chemical, tecno-functional, and thermal properties of <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i> seed

HERNÁNDEZ-SANTOS, Betsabé; QUIJANO-JERÓNIMO, Olivia; RODRÍGUEZ-MIRANDA, Jesús

doi:10.1590/fst.74921

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Food Science and Technology

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.74921 copy

Physical, chemical, tecno-functional, and thermal properties of Leucaena leucocephala seed

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of this investigation was to study the physical, tecno-functional, chemical, and thermal properties of the Leucaena leucocephala seed. The physical properties revealed that the pod had an average weight of 2.14 g, a length of 13.67 cm, and an average of 20 seeds per pod. The seed had an average weight of 0.07 g with a volume of 30.02%. The sphericity was 52.14%, ovoid in shape, and presented with an apparent density and real density of 0.81 and 0.68 g/cm³, respectively, and a porosity of 15.64%. The seed had a green hue, whereas the flour had a light brown hue. The seed presented with a high-fat content of 31.78 g/100 g, protein of 26.56 g/100 g, and fiber of 15.49 g/100 g. The flour showed a water absorption capacity of 4.64 g/g, water solubility capacity of 16.20%, water activity of 0.35, oil absorption capacity of 2.03 g/g, and emulsifying capacity of 48.06%. It also showed foam formation ability (48.06%), gelling capacity (4.00%), swelling power (4.5-5.2%), and a pH of 6.7. The thermal properties showed the presence of three endodermic peaks, indicating the presence of protein-amylose and lipid-amylose interactions, in addition to the gelatinization temperature of the starch present in the flour.

Keywords:
Leucaena leucocephala; physical properties; seed; thermal properties

Physical properties	Unit	N	Mean	Range of Values	Standard Deviation
Length (L_p)	cm	50	13.37	6.2 0-17.05	2.05
Width (W_p)	cm	50	1.53	1.10-2.20	0.31
Thickness (T_p)	cm	50	0.95	0.61-1.64	0.30
Mass (Mp)	g	50	2.14	0.70-6.48	0.80
Number of seeds per pod	--	50	20	9-27	3.53

Physical properties	Unit	N	Mean	Value range	Std dev
Length (L)	mm	100	8.84	7.76-9.66	0.51
Width (W)	mm	100	5.17	4.05-6.07	0.44
Thickness (T)	mm	100	2.02	1.52-2.34	0.21
Arithmetic mean diameter (D_a)	mm	100	5.37	4.60-5.90	0.32
Geometric mean diameter (D_g)	mm	100	4.52	3.80-5.04	0.31
Equivalent mean diameter (D_e)	mm	100	4.85	4.05-5.45	0.32
Sphericity (Ø)	%	100	51.14	46.73-56.60	2.23
Aspect ratio (R_a)	--	100	0.59	0.50-0.68	0.05
Flakiness ratio (F_r)	--	100	2.57	2.16-3.14	0.24
Elongation ratio (E_r)	--	100	0.39	0.32-0.46	0.04
Eccentricity (e)	--	100	0.33	0.27-0.38	0.03
Surface area (S_A)	mm²	100	64.44	45.47-79.71	8.69
Projected area perpendicular to length (P_L)	mm²	100	36.00	25.89-44.81	4.32
Projected area perpendicular to width (P_W)	mm²	100	21.18	12.88-28.94	3.50
Projected area perpendicular to thickness (P_T)	mm²	100	8.26	5.31-10.68	1.32
Criteria projected area (CPA)	mm²	100	21.81	14.70-28.14	2.94
Volume (V)	mm³	100	30.02	17.15-41.62	6.13
Ellipsoid volume (V_ellip)	mm³	100	48.97	28.83-66.92	9.68
Prolate spheroid volume (V_pro)	mm³	100	213.22	137.16-280.83	35.49
Oblate spheroid volume (V_osp)	mm³	100	125.30	69.91-181.34	24.42
Mass (M)	g	100	0.06	0.03-0.07	0.01
Bulk density (ρ_b)	g/cm³	100	0.81	0.80-0.81	0.01
True density (ρ_t)	g/cm³	100	0.68	0.68-0.69	0.01
Porosity (ε)	%	100	15.64	15.40-15.75	0.20
Color values
L*	--	30	52.87	46.65-59.72	4.93
a*	--	30	-19.51	-24.53-16.43	2.63
b*	--	30	35.15	32.75-41.12	3.09
Chroma (C)*	--	30	5.58	4.93-6.07	0.38
Hue angle (hº)	--	30	61.03	57.83-63.81	2.24
Color index (CI)	--	30	-10.61	-8.79-12.81	1.61
Color square	--	--

Particulars	Mean	Value range	Std dev	r
L/W	1.72	1.46-2.01	0.13	0.456^* * Correlations significant at P < 0.05.
L/T	4.35	1.78-5.48	0.52	0.394^*
L/M	152.10	15.61-267.06	43.13	0.063
W/M	88.72	9.85-155.64	24.69	0.197
T/M	35.84	3.39-82.19	12.39	-0.031
L/D_a	1.65	1.40-1.76	0.06	0.816^*

Property	Leucaena leucocephala meal
Chemical composition (g/100 g)
Moisture	(5.67 ± 0.12)
Fat	34.75 ± 0.20
Protein	28.16 ± 0.51
Fiber	16.43 ± 0.50
Ash	5.38 ± 0.52
Carbohydrates	15.29 ± 1.74
Total energy (kJ/100 g)	2,035.70 ± 12.75
Physicochemical
Aw	0.35 ± 0.00
pH	6.70 ± 0.03
L*	66.26 ± 0.01
a*	3.59 ± 0.01
b*	19.70 ± 0.01
C*	20.02 ± 0.01
h°	79.66 ± 0.01
CI	2.75 ± 0.01
Color square
Techno-functional properties
WAC (g H₂O/g sample)	4.64 ± 0.04
WSC (%)	16.20 ± 1.49
OAC (g oil/g sample)	2.03 ± 0.11
EC (%)	48.06 ± 1.81
LGC (%)	4.00 ± 0.00
AD (g/cm³)	0.81 ± 0.00
SP (%)
60 ºC	4.48 ± 0.06^a
70 ºC	4.44 ± 0.10^a
80 ºC	4.86 ± 0.13^b
90 ºC	5.18 ± 0.06^c

	T_o (ºC)	T_p (ºC)	T_f (ºC)	∆H (J/g)
Peak I	72.21 ± 0.71	84.35 ± 0.66	92.50 ± 0.16	0.74 ± 0.05
Peak II	97.37 ± 0.78	104.95 ± 0.01	109.41 ± 0.37	0.23 ± 0.00
Peak II	112.45 ± 0.04	114.45 ± 0.01	118.64 ± 1.56	0.17 ± 0.04

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[1] *Corresponding author: jesodmir@gmail.com; jesus.rm@tuxtepec.tecnm.mx