Investigation of the deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A levels by high-performance liquid chromatography of cereals sold in the markets in Türkiye

ŞAHIN, Semih; EYUPOĞLU, Ozan Emre; YAMAN, Mustafa; DOĞAN, Tuğbagül Çal; KORKMAZ, Burcu İrem Omurtag; OMURTAG, Gülden Zehra

doi:10.1590/fst.89822

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Food Science and Technology

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 43 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.89822 copy

Investigation of the deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A levels by high-performance liquid chromatography of cereals sold in the markets in Türkiye

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The current research was conducted to determine the deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels of 24 pieces of wheat flour, 24 pieces of rice, 24 pieces of corn flour, and 24 pieces of whole wheat flour obtained from the markets in Istanbul by HPLC. DON was detected in 4 of the 96 grain cereal samples at levels between 0.94 and 1.16 µg/kg (LOQ, 0.92 µg/kg). Besides, from the analyzed samples, DON was detected in 3 pieces of ashura wheat, 2 pieces of rice, and 5 pieces of corn flour between LOD and LOQ. The highest DON level was found in the corn flour sample (1.16 µg/kg), which was sold unpacked. OTA was detected in 11 of the samples (0.87-6.97 µg/kg) consisting of 3 corn flours (1.51-2.23 µg/kg) and 8 whole wheat flours (0.87-6.97 µg/kg). The highest OTA level was found in the packaged whole wheat flour sample (6.97 µg/kg) bought from the market. Since DON and OTA exposure can be observed frequently in cereals and may increase to possible risky levels, further work should be done to determine the precautions necessary to minimize the risks of contamination.

Keywords:
mycotoxins; deoxynivalenol; ochratoxin A; cereal; HPLC

Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)
1^a	Konya	ND	5^p	OU	> LOQ
10^a	Konya	< LOQ	14^p	OU	< LOQ
16^a	Konya	< LOQ	19^p	OU	< LOQ
23^a	Malatya	< LOQ	27^p	Sakarya	ND
31^a	Konya	ND	34^p	OU	ND
42^a	Malatya	ND	46^p	Ankara	ND
55^a	Konya	ND	51^p	OU	ND
62^a	Konya	ND	59^p	OU	ND
66^a	Konya	ND	70^p	OU	ND
76^a	Konya	< LOQ	80^p	OU	ND
89^a	Konya	ND	87^p	Ankara	ND
91^a	Konya	ND	93^p	Ankara	ND

Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)
2^a	Çorum	> LOQ	6^p	Edirne	< LOQ
11^a	Çorum	< LOQ	15^p	Trakya	< LOQ
17^a	Samsun	< LOQ	20^p	Bolu	< LOQ
24^a	Bolu	< LOQ	28^p	OU	ND
32^a	Çorum	ND	35^p	Çorum	ND
43^a	Bolu	ND	37^p	Çorum	ND
56^a	Bolu	ND	47^p	Samsun	< LOQ
63^a	Çorum	ND	52^p	OU	ND
67^a	Çorum	ND	60^p	Bolu	ND
77^a	Çorum	ND	71^p	Çorum	ND
90^a	Bolu	ND	81^p	Bolu	ND
92^a	Bolu	ND	94^p	OU	ND

Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)
3^a	Giresun	< LOQ	7^p	OU	> LOQ
4^a	Ordu	> LOQ	12^p	OU	< LOQ
13^a	Rize	< LOQ	21^p	OU	< LOQ
18^a	Giresun	< LOQ	29^p	OU	ND
25^a	Rize	< LOQ	36^p	OU	ND
33^a	Rize	ND	48^p	Eskişehir	ND
41^a	Giresun	ND	53^p	OU	ND
44^a	Trabzon	ND	61^p	OU	ND
57^a	Ordu	ND	72^p	OU	ND
64^a	Trabzon	ND	82^p	OU	ND
68^a	G.antep	ND	88^p	Ankara	ND
78^a	Mersin	ND	95^p	OU	ND

Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	DON (µg/kg)
26^a	Malatya	ND	8^p	OU	< LOQ
38^a	Antalya	ND	9^p	Kırşehir	ND
39^a	OU	ND	22^p	OU	< LOQ
40^a	Muğla	ND	30^p	Tekirdağ	ND
45^a	Muğla	ND	49^p	Aydın	ND
50^a	OU	ND	54^p	Konya	ND
58^a	Konya	ND	65^p	Konya	ND
69^a	G.antep	ND	73^p	OU	ND
74^a	İzmir	ND	83^p	Tekirdağ	ND
75^a	OU	ND	85^p	Konya	ND
79^a	OU	ND	86^p	OU	ND
84^a	OU	ND	96^p	Tekirdağ	ND

Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)
1^a	Konya	ND	5^p	OU	ND
10^a	Konya	ND	14^p	OU	ND
16^a	Konya	ND	19^p	OU	ND
23^a	Malatya	ND	27^p	Sakarya	ND
31^a	Konya	ND	34^p	OU	ND
42^a	Malatya	ND	46^p	Ankara	ND
55^a	Konya	ND	51^p	OU	ND
62^a	Konya	ND	59^p	OU	ND
66^a	Konya	ND	70^p	OU	ND
76^a	Konya	ND	80^p	OU	ND
89^a	Konya	ND	87^p	Ankara	ND
91^a	Konya	ND	93^p	Ankara	ND

Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)
2^a	Çorum	ND	6^p	Edirne	ND
11^a	Çorum	ND	15^p	Trakya	ND
17^a	Samsun	ND	20^p	Bolu	ND
24^a	Bolu	ND	28^p	OU	ND
32^a	Çorum	ND	35^p	Çorum	ND
43^a	Bolu	ND	37^p	Çorum	ND
56^a	Bolu	ND	47^p	Samsun	ND
63^a	Çorum	ND	52^p	OU	ND
67^a	Çorum	ND	60^p	Bolu	ND
77^a	Çorum	ND	71^p	Çorum	ND
90^a	Bolu	ND	81^p	Bolu	ND
92^a	Bolu	ND	94^p	OU	ND

Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)
3^a	Giresun	ND	7^p	OU	ND
4^a	Ordu	ND	12^p	OU	ND
13^a	Rize	ND	21^p	OU	ND
18^a	Giresun	ND	29^p	OU	ND
25^a	Rize	ND	36^p	OU	ND
33^a	Rize	ND	48^p	Eskişehir	1.51 ± 0.03
41^a	Giresun	ND	53^p	OU	2.23 ± 0.03
44^a	Trabzon	ND	61^p	OU	1.50 ± 0.03
57^a	Ordu	ND	72^p	OU	ND
64^a	Trabzon	ND	82^p	OU	ND
68^a	G.antep	ND	88^p	Ankara	ND
78^a	Mersin	ND	95^p	OU	ND

Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)	Sample Number	Production Place	OTA (µg/kg)
26^a	Malatya	1.31 ± 0.03	8^p	OU	1.79 ± 0.05
38^a	Antalya	ND	9^p	Kırşehir	6.97 ± 0.21
39^a	OU	ND	22^p	OU	ND
40^a	Muğla	ND	30^p	Tekirdağ	ND
45^a	Muğla	1.48 ± 0.03	49^p	Aydın	ND
50^a	OU	ND	54^p	Konya	0.92 ± 0.03
58^a	Konya	ND	65^p	Konya	ND
69^a	G.antep	ND	73^p	OU	4.20 ± 0.05
74^a	İzmir	ND	83^p	Tekirdağ	ND
75^a	OU	ND	85^p	Konya	ND
79^a	OU	ND	86^p	OU	ND
84^a	OU	0.87 ± 0.03	96^p	Tekirdağ	0.84 ± 0.03

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[1] *Corresponding author: mustafa.yaman@izu.edu.tr