A phonetic study of Zootopia characters’ voices in Brazilian Portuguese dubbing: the role of stereotypes

Crochiquia, Alice; Eriksson, Anders; Fontes, Mario A. S.; Madureira, Sandra

doi:10.1590/1678-460X2020360311

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Articles • DELTA 36 (3) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-460X2020360311 copy

A phonetic study of Zootopia characters’ voices in Brazilian Portuguese dubbing: the role of stereotypes

Um estudo fonético das vozes de personagens do filme Zootopia na dublagem em português brasileiro: o papel dos estereótipos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This work comprises an experimental investigation approach of expressive speech that integrates methodological procedures of perceptual and acoustic analyses. As the object of this work, we have focused on voice quality and vocal dynamics. Speech samples from the four main personality-distinct characters in the animated feature film “Zootopia” dubbed by Brazilian voice actors have been analysed. Due to the expressive function of voice quality, we have posed the following question: what types of voice quality and vocal dynamics settings were used by the voice actors in the Brazilian dubbing of “Zootopia” to compose the vocal profiles of the characters? Perceptual evaluation of the 54 speech stimuli was performed using the Vocal Profile Analysis protocol (Laver & Mackenzie Beck, 2007LAVER, John; MACKENZIE BECK, Janet. 2007. Vocal Profile Analysis Scheme - VPAS. Edimburgo: Speech Science Research Centre - Queen Margareth University College (QMUC).). Acoustic measures were automatically extracted using the ExpressionEvaluator script (Barbosa, 2008) for PRAAT. The profiles for each of the four characters were composed based on the psychological traits described in the film script. The results of the acoustic analysis, the perceptual analysis of voice quality and vocal dynamics settings were correlated using the MFA (Multiple Factor Analysis) method in the R environment based on 40 variables (quantitative and qualitative) and it turned out that the speech stimuli were distributed in 6 clusters according to the variables analysed. The quantitative variables that presented the highest correlation percentage were: Standard Deviation of f0 Derivative, Standard Deviation of Spectral Tilt, f0 Median. The qualitative variables that presented the highest correlation percentage were: Lowered Larynx, Lip Rounding, Breathy Voice and Minimised Pitch Range. The research has presented evidence in favor of the symbolic use of phonic matter and contributions to the understanding of how vocal stereotypes are established.

Keywords:
sound symbolism; acoustic phonetics; voice quality; vocal stereotypes; voice acting

Character	VPA Settings
Judy Hopps	Lip spreading
	Minimised labial range
	Extensive mandibular range
	Raised larynx
	Tense vocal tract
	High mean pitch
	High pitch variability
	High mean loudness
	Fast speaking rate
	Interrupted continuity
Nick Wilde	Backed tongue body
	Raised larynx
	Lowered larynx
	Lax vocal tract
	Tense larynx
	Breathy Voice
	High mean pitch
	Low mean pitch
	Minimised pitch range
	High pitch variability
	Low pitch variability
	Low mean loudness
	Fast speaking rate
	Slow speaking rate
Chief Bogo	Lip rounding
	Open jaw
	Lowered tongue body
	Lowered larynx
	Tense vocal tract
	Tense larynx
	Creaky voice
	Low mean pitch
	Minimised pitch range
	High pitch variability
	High mean loudness
Assistant Mayor Bellwether	Lowered tongue body
	Pharyngeal constriction
	Raised larynx
	Tense vocal tract
	Tense larynx
	Breathy voice
	Harsh voice
	High mean pitch
	Extensive pitch range
	High pitch variability
	High mean loudness
	Fast speaking rate
	Slow speaking rate
Vocal tract features
Overall muscular tension
Phonation features
Prosodic features
Temporal organization

Group	Method	Type	Variables
Gc1	ExpressionEvaluator (12 parameters)	Quantitative	F0 median (MED)
			F0 inter-quartile semi-amplitude (SPQ)
			F0 0.995 quantile (QAF)
			F0 skewness (ASF)
			F0 first derivative mean (MEF)
			F0 first derivative standard deviation (DPF)
			F0 first derivative skewness (ADF)
			Global intensity skewness (AMT)
			Spectral tilt (MÊS)
			Spectral tilt standard deviation (DES)
			Spectral tilt skewness (AES)
			Long-Term Average Spectrum (LTAS) standard-deviation (SLT)

Group	Method	Type	Variables
Gq1	VPA protocol (28 settings)	Qualitative	Lip rounding
			Lip spreading
			Minimised labial range
			Open jaw
			Extensive mandibular range
			Backed tongue body
			Lowered tongue body
			Pharyngeal constriction
			Raised larynx
			Lowered larynx
			Tense vocal tract
			Lax vocal tract
			Tense larynx
			Lax larynx
			Creaky voice
			Breathy voice
			Harsh voice
			High mean pitch
			Low mean pitch
			Extensive pitch range
			Minimised pitch range
			High pitch variability
			Low pitch variability
			High mean loudness
			Low mean loudness
			Interrupted continuity
			Fast speaking rate
			Slow speaking rate

	Gc1	Gq1	MFA
Gc1	2,75	1,25	2,65
Gq1	1,26	4,71	3,95
MFA	2,65	3,95	4,36

	Gc1	Gq1	MFA
Gc1	1	0,35	0,76
Gq1	0,35	1	0,87
MFA	0,76	0,87	1

	Dim,1	Dim,2	Dim,3	Dim,4	Dim,5	Dim,6	Dim,7
Gc1	56,02	44,52	49,73	12,65	51,99	39,47	26,58
Gq1	43,98	55,48	50,26	87,34	48,00	60,53	73,41

Dim,1
quanti
	correlation	p,value
Z,MED	0,67	0
Z,AES	0,48	0,0002
Z,DPF	0,47	0,0003
Z,QAF	0,45	0,0006
Z,SPQ	0,36	0,0069
Z,ASF	-0,40	0,0026
Z,DES	-0,41	0,0019
Z,MÊS	-0,42	0,0013
Z,SLT	-0,61	0
Dim,2
quanti
	correlation	p,value
Z,DPF	0,65	0
Z,DES	0,57	0
Z,MEF	0,52	0,0001
Z,SPQ	0,39	0,0033

Stimuli	DPF	DES	MED	Stimuli	DPF	DES	MED	Stimuli	DPF	DES	MED
1	0.41,	0.19,	-0.04,	19	2.49,	0.26,	-0.80,	37	0.97,	0.23,	-0.39,
2	0.52,	0.27,	-0.009,	20	4.79,	0.33,	-0.72,	38	2.43,	0.20,	0.14,
3	0.72,	0.19,	-0.04,	21	0.20,	0.24,	-0.68,	39	1.25,	0.12,	1.84,
4	0.64,	0.18,	0.43,	22	1.59,	0.21,	-0.27,	40	1.34,	0.18,	0.79,
5	0.81,	0.14,	0.74,	23	1.40,	0.24,	-0.23,	41	2.03,	0.17,	0.94,
6	1.29,	0.14,	1.09,	24	5.61,	0.14,	2.26,	42	0.64,	0.14,	-0.08,
7	2.23,	0.10,	2.37,	25	0.91,	0.15,	-0.57,	43	0.87,	0.18,	1.04,
8	0.64,	0.13,	0.24,	26	0.54,	0.25,	0.02,	44	1.45,	0.22,	-0.20,
9	0.48,	0.15,	-0.12,	27	0.72,	0.24,	1.23,	45	1.07,	0.22,	0.47,
10	0.44,	0.11,	0.05,	28	1.89,	0.19,	0.19,	46	0.59,	0.20,	-0.13,
11	0.77,	0.11,	0.61,	29	1.32,	0.19,	0.95,	47	1.03,	0.22,	0.26,
12	0.60,	0.15,	0.13,	30	1.69,	0.18,	0.18,	48	0.50,	0.17,	-0.10,
13	1.23,	0.24,	-0.04,	31	1.76,	0.18,	2.17,	49	0.61,	0.17,	0.48,
14	2.56,	0.20,	0.17,	32	1.63,	0.12,	0.84,	50	0.40,	0.18,	1.63,
15	2.12,	0.20,	0.09,	33	1.04,	0.17,	-0.71,	51	0.49,	0.19,	0.75,
16	1.12,	0.09,	0.84,	34	1.04,	0.17,	-0.38,	52	0.48,	0.20,	1.14,
17	1.51,	0.21,	-0.56,	35	1.29,	0.19,	-0.47,	53	0.43,	0.23,	-0.19,
18	1.20,	0.17,	0.38,	36	1.65,	0.16,	0.25,	54	0.51,	0.18,	0.32,

Dim,1
quali
	R2	p,value
Lowered larynx	0,39	0,0001
Lip spreading	0,28	0,0003
Breathy Voice	0,28	0,001
Dim,2
quali
	R2	p,value
Lowered larynx	0,66	0,0001
Lip spreading	0,59	0,0003
Minimised pitch range	0,44	0,001

	FIRST PASS		SECOND PASS
	Neutral	Non-neutral	SETTING	Moderate			Extreme
	Neutral	Non-neutral	SETTING	1	2	3	4	5	6
A. VOCAL TRACTFEATURES				1	2	3	4	5	6
Labial			Lip Rounding/p rotrusion
			Lip spreading
			Labiodenta Liz ation
			Minimised range
			Extensive range
Mandibular			Close jaw
			Open jaw
			Protruded jaw
			Extensive range
			Minimised range
3. Lingual tip/blade			Advanced tip/blade
3. Lingual tip/blade			Retracted tip/blade
4. Lingual body			Fronted tongue body
			Backed tongue bocy
			Raised tongue body
			Lowered tongue body
			Extensive range
			Minimised range
5. Pharyngeal			Pharyngeal constriction
5. Pharyngeal			Pharyngeal expansion
6. Velopharyngeal			Audible nasal escape
			Nasal
			Denasal
7. Larynx height			Raised Larynx
7. Larynx height			Lowered Larynx

B. OVERALL MUSCULAR TENSION
8. Vocal tract tension			Tense vocal tract
9. Laryngeal tension			Tense larynx
9. Laryngeal tension			Lax larynx

C. PHONATION FEATURES
	SETTING	Present		Scalar Degree
		Neutral	Non-neutral	Moderate			Extreme
		Neutral	Non-neutral	1	2	3	4	5	6
10. Voicing type	Voice
	Falsetto
	Creak
	Creaky
11. Laryngeal frication	Whisper
11. Laryngeal frication	Whispery
12. Laryngeal irregularity	Harsh
12. Laryngeal irregularity	Tremor

D. PROSODIC FEATURES
		Neutral	SETTING	Moderate			Extreme
		Neutral	SETTING	1	2	3	4	5	6
13. Pitch	Mean		High
	Mean		Low
	Range		Minimised range
	Range		Extensive range
	Variability		High
	Variability		Low
14. Loudness	Mean		High
	Mean		Low
	Range		Extensive range
	Range		Minimised range
	Variability		High
	Variability		Low
E. TEMPORAL ORGANIZATION
15. Continuity			Interrupted
16. Rate			Fast
16. Rate			Slow
F. OTHER FEATURES
17. Respiratory support			Adequate
17. Respiratory support			Inadequate
18. Dyplophonia			Absent

Stimulus	Character	Transcription
1	Assistant Mayor Bellwether	A maioria da população é de presas, Judy, e agora, estão todos com medo.
1		(Our city is ninety percent prey, Judy, and right now, they’re just really scared.)
2		Você é a heroína deles, confiam em você. E, é por isso, que o Chefe Bogo e eu -
2		(You’re a hero to them. They trust you. And so that’s why Chief Bogo and I -)
3		- queremos que seja garota propaganda do departamento.
3		(- want you to be the public face of the ZPD.)
4		Judy, se dedicou tanto pra chegar até aqui.
4		(Judy, you’ve worked so hard to get here.)
5		Queria isso desde que era um filhote.
5		(It’s what you wanted since you were a kid.)
6		Não pode desistir.
6		(You can’t quit.)
7		Pensa nisso, -
7		(Think of it, -)
8		- noventa por cento da população unida contra um inimigo em comum.
8		(- ninety percent of the population united against a common enemy.)
9		Nós seremos imbatíveis.
9		(We’ll be unstoppable!)
10		Armei pro Leãonardo, -
10		(I framed Lionheart, -)
11		- posso armar pra vocês dois.
11		( - I can frame you too!)
12		É a minha palavra contra a de vocês.
12		(It’s my word against yours.)
13	Chief Bogo	Abandonou o seu posto, incitou o pânico, -
13		(Abandoning your post, inciting a scurry, -)
14		- expôs os roedores ao perigo. Mas, -
14		(reckless endangerment of rodents but, -)
15		pra ser justo, impediu um gênio do crime de roubar duas dúzias de cebolas!
15		(-to be fair, you did stop a master criminal from stealing two-dozen moldy onions!)
16		Insubordinação.
16		(Insubordination.)
17		Agora, eu vou abrir essa porta e você vai dizer a ela que é uma ex-agente de trânsito com mania de grandeza, -
17		(Now I’m going to open this door and you’re going to tell that otter you’re a former meter maid with delusions of grandeur -)
18		- e que não vai pegar esse caso!
18		(-who will not be taking the case!)
19		Não queira levar todo o crédito por isso, Hopps.
19		(Don’t give yourself so much credit, Hopps.)
20		A divisão do mundo sempre existiu. Pra isso, temos bons policiais.
20		(The world has always been broken, that’s why we need good cops.)
21		Como você.
21		(Like you.)
22		Nós temos alguns novos recrutas hoje aqui, -
22		(We have some new recruits with us this morning, -)
23		- incluindo a nossa primeira raposa.
23		(- including our first fox.)
24		Tô nem aí.
24		(Who cares.)
25	Judy Hopps	Peraí, peraí.
25		(Hey, hey!)
26		Ninguém diz pra mim o que eu posso ou não posso ser.
26		(No one tells me what I can or can’t be.)
27		Principalmente uma raposa -
27		(Especially not some jerk -)
28		- que leva a vida enganando os outros vendendo -
28		(- who never had the guts to try and be anything more than -)
29		- picolés falsos.
29		( - a pawpsicle hustler.)
30		Umm, eu não queria discordar do senhor, mas não são cebolas.
30		(Mmm, hate to disagree with you, sir, but those aren’t onions.)
31		É uma variedade de crocus, chamada Midnicampum holicithias. Classe C em botânica, senhor.
31		(Those are a crocus variety called Midnicampum holicithius. They’re a Class С botanical, sir.)
32		Eu cresci numa família muito ligada à agronomia...
32		(Well, I grew up in a family where plant husbandry was kind of a thing...)
33		O que foi que você disse?
33		(What was it you said?)
34		É muito fácil verificar uma placa?
34		(Any moron can run a plate?)
35		Poxa, se tivesse algum malandro por aqui que não fosse tão covarde.
35		(Gosh, if only there were a moron around who were up to the task.)
36		Ah, Nick!
36		(Oh, Nick!)
37		Os uivantes não são lobos, -
37		(Night howlers aren’t wolves, -)
38		- são plantas tóxicas.
38		(-they’re toxic flowers.)
39		Alguém tá fazendo isso com os predadores -
39		(I think someone is targeting predators on purpose - )
40		- pra que se tornem selvagens.
40		(- and making them go savage.)
41	Nick Wilde	Tá bom, olha, -
		(all right, look, -)
42		- todos que vêm para Zootopia acham que podem ser o que quiserem, só que não.
		(- everyone comes to Zootopia thinking they can be anything they want. Well, you can’t.)
43		Só pode ser o que já é.
		(You can only be what you are.)
44		Raposa esperta, coelha tosca.
		(Sly fox, dumb bunny.)
45		Olha, vocês dão a ela uma roupa de palhaço, um triciclo ridículo e dois dias pra resolver um caso que vocês trabalham a duas semanas.
		(Look, you gave her a clown vest, a three-wheeled joke-mobile, and two days to solve a case you guys haven’t cracked in two weeks.)
46		É, por isso ela buscou ajuda de uma raposa.
		(Yeah, it’s no wonder she needed to get help from a fox.)
47		Porque vocês não ajudaram, -
		None of you guys were gonna help her, -)
48		- não foi?
		(were you?)
49		Se o mundo sempre vai ver uma raposa como traiçoeira -
		If the world’s only gonna see a fox as shifty - )
50		- e não confiável, -
		(- and untrustworthy, -)
51		- não faz sentido querer ser outra coisa.
		(- there’s no point in trying to be anything else.)
52		Se liga, se eu quisesse evitar as câmeras por tá fazendo alguma coisa ilegal, -
		(You know, if I wanted to avoid surveillance because I was doing something illegal, -)
53		- o que eu nunca fiz -
		(- which I never have, -)
54		- usaria o túnel de manutenção 6B.
		(- I would use the maintenance tunnel 6B.)

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