Tecnologia para aproveitamento de resíduos da agroindústria sucroalcooleira como biofertilizante organomineral granulado

GURGEL, MARCÍLIO N. DO A.; CORREA, SIMONE T. R.; DOURADO NETO, DURVAL; PAULA JÚNIOR, DURVAL R. DE

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v35n1p63-75/2015

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Scientific Papers • Eng. agríc. 35 (1) • jan-feb 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v35n1p63-75/2015 copiar

Tecnologia para aproveitamento de resíduos da agroindústria sucroalcooleira como biofertilizante organomineral granulado¹ 1 The present paper is part of the first author’s dissertation presented to the FEAGRI-UNICAMP, being a major accomplishment to obtain PhD degree in Agricultural Engineering.

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de resíduos da agroindústria sucroalcooleira como vantagens do processo de concentração da vinhaça, utilizou-se o BIOFOM (biofertilizante organomineral formulado com vinhaça concentrada, torta de filtro, cinzas de caldeira e fuligem das chaminés, e complementado com fertilizantes minerais). O presente estudo contemplou a caracterização e a análise do potencial agronômico envolvendo uma planta-teste (milho), observando as diferenças entre os tratamentos (adubação com fertilizante mineral versus adubação com BIOFOM), até 45 dias após a semeadura. A tecnologia (tradicionalmente usada para a produção do BIOFOM) utilizada para concentrar a vinhaça baseou-se na evaporação do resíduo com elevados coeficientes de troca térmica. Observou-se que o BIOFOM, que pode ser formulado de acordo com as necessidades de qualquer cultura, pode substituir, parcial ou totalmente, a utilização do fertilizante mineral. O produto reduz a geração de resíduos da agroindústria sucroalcooleira.

biofertilizante; vinhaça; agroindústria canavieira; resíduos orgânicos; torta de filtro

T	Composition	Abreviation
1	Control: soil corrected with limestone	Control
2	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM + broth with 30% of total soluble solids (TSS) + 50% mineral fertilizer (0.823g of urea, 1.626 g of triple superphosphate and 1.289 g of KCl)	Mixed 30-50
3	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM + broth with 30% TSS + 75% mineral fertilizer dose (1.234 g urea, 2.439 g of triple superphosphate and 1.933 g of KCl)	Mixed 30-75
4	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM + broth with 30% TSS + 100% mineral fertilizer dose (1.645 g urea, 3.252 g of triple superphosphate and 2.577 g of KCl)	Mixed 30-100
5	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM + broth with 45% of ST + 50% mineral fertilizer dose	Mixed 45-50
6	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM + broth with 45% of TSS + 75% mineral fertilizer dose	Mixed 45-75
7	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM + broth with 45% of TSS + 100% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Mixed 45-100
8	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM with 30% of TSS + 50% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Molasses 30-50
9	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM with 30% of TSS + 75% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Molasses 30-75
10	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM with 30% TSS + 100% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Molasses 30-100
11	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM with 45% of TSS + 50% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Molasses 45-50
12	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM with 45% of TSS + 75% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Molasses 45-75
13	Molasses vinasse BIOFOM with 45% of TSS + 100% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Molasses 45-100
14	Broth vinasse BIOFOM with 30% TSS + 50% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Pure 30-50
15	Broth vinasse BIOFOM with 30% TSS + 75% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Pure 30-75
16	Broth vinasse BIOFOM with 30% TSS + 100% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Pure 30-100
17	Broth vinasse BIOFOM with 45% of TSS + 50% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Pure 45-50
18	Broth vinasse BIOFOM with 45% of TSS + 75% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Pure 45-75
19	Broth vinasse BIOFOM with 45% of TSS + 100% of the mineral fertilizer dose	Pure 45-100
20	Mineral fertilizer equivalent to 100% of the dose (500 kg of 4-20-20 (N, P, K) + 30 kg of N in coverage) *	Mineral 100
21	Mineral fertilizer equivalent to 75 % of the dose	Mineral 75
22	Mineral fertilizer equivalent to 50% of the dose	Mineral 50
23	Molasses vinasse + concentrated broth at 30% of TSS + complement	Mixed
24	Concentrated molasses vinasse at 30% of TSS + complement	Molasses
25	Concentrated broth vinasse at 30% of TSS + complement	Pure

Treatments			BIOFOM			Vinasse

		Source	Urea	TSS	KCl	Urea	TSS	KCl
1	Control	Limestone	-	-	-	-	-	-
2	Mixed 30-50	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.981	0.538	0.780	-	-	-
3	Mixed 30-75	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.472	0.807	1.170	-	-	-
4	Mixed 30-100	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.963	1.077	1.560	-	-	-
5	Mixed 45-50	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.894	0.544	0.780	-	-	-
6	Mixed 45-75	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.340	0.816	1.170	-	-	-
7	Mixed 45-100	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.787	1.088	1.560	-	-	-
8	Molasses 30-50	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.432	0.439	0.780	-	-	-
9	Molasses 30-75	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.648	0.658	1.170	-	-	-
10	Molasses 30-100	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.864	0.878	1.560	-	-	-
11	Molasses 45-50	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.709	0.481	0.780	-	-	-
12	Molasses 45-75	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.064	0.722	1.170	-	-	-
13	Molasses 45-100	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.418	0.963	1.560	-	-	-
14	Pure 30-50	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.657	0.496	0.780	-	-	-
15	Pure 30-75	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.985	0.744	1.170	-	-	-
16	Pure 30-100	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.314	0.993	1.560	-	-	-
17	Pure 45-50	Limestone+BIOFOM	0.958	0.630	0.780	-	-	-
18	Pure 45-75	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.436	0.945	1.170	-	-	-
19	Pure 45-100	Limestone+BIOFOM	1.915	1.260	1.560	-	-	-
20	Mineral 100	Limestone+4-20-20	-	-	-	0.411	0.813	0.644
21	Mineral 75	Limestone+4-20-20	-	-	-	0.308	0.610	0.483
22	Mineral 50	Limestone+4-20-20	-	-	-	0.206	0.407	0.322
23	Mixed	Limestone+MV¹+MC²	-	-	-	0.411	0.813	0.644
24	Molasses	Limestone+molasses+MC²	-	-	-	0.411	0.813	0.644
25	Pure	Limestone+CP³+MC²	-	-	-	0.411	0.813	0.644

Determinations	Pure broth		Molasses		Mixed broth

	30% TSS1	45% TSS	30% TSS	45% TSS	30% TSS	45% TSS
pH in CaCl2 (0.01 M)	6.2	5.8	6.5	6.5	6.7	6.5
Density (g.cm-3)	0.52	0.58	0.50	0.52	0.54	0.57
Humidity lost at 60-65°C (%)	4.20	3.89	3.66	3.45	3.30	3.92
Humidity lost between 65 and 110 °C (%)	4.22	3.84	4.29	4.22	5.81	4.6
Total humidity (%)	8.42	7.73	7.95	7.76	9.01	8.52
Total organic matter (combustion) (%)	46.84	43.9	46.4	43.72	44.83	39.8
Compost organic matter (%)	45.44	41.45	41.55	41.6	41.73	36.25
Organic matter resistant to composting (%)	1.40	2.45	4.85	2.12	3.10	3.55
Total carbon (organic and mineral) (%)	26.02	24.39	25.78	24.29	24.91	22.11
Organic carbon (%)	25.24	23.03	23.08	21.11	23.19	20.14
Total mineral waste (%)	44.73	48.37	45.65	48.52	46.16	51.68
Insoluble mineral waste (%)	28.55	33.74	23.56	29.84	28.77	35.83
Soluble mineral waste (%)	16.18	14.63	22.09	18.68	17.39	15.85
Total nitrogen (%)	2.81	3.82	2.56	3.33	4.53	3.84
Phosphorous (P2O5) total (%)	2.17	2.57	2.66	2.31	2.54	2.39
Potassium (K2O) total (%)	4.30	4.01	5.96	4.72	4.64	4.32
Calcium (Ca) total (%)	2.17	2.50	2.81	2.56	2.45	2.42
Magnesium (Mg) total (%)	0.51	0.53	0.6	0.59	0.51	0.48
Sulfur (S) total (%)	0.28	0.28	0.40	0.58	0.31	0.27
Ratio C/N (total C and total N)	9/1	16/1	10/1	7/1	5/1	6/1
Ratio C/N (organic C and total N)	9/1	15/1	9/1	7/1	5/1	5/1
Total copper (Cu) (mg.kg-1)	36	41	38	39	51	36
Total manganese (Mn) (mg.kg-1)	1013	1226	1322	1122	1154	1139
Total Zinc (Zn) (mg.kg-1)	167	213	224	183	208	197
Total iron (Fe) (mg.kg-1)	11665	13865	12022	11845	11738	12898
Total boron (B) (mg.kg-1)	2	2	2	2	2	2
Total sodium (Na) (mg.kg-1)	1769	1343	2693	2408	1681	1486
Hardness (kgf.cm-2)	1.28	1.19	0.96	1.43	1.54	1.44

Treatment		LA	SDM	RDM
1	Control	546.1 F	3.27 H	8.25 C
2	Mixed - 30-50	2781.6 CDE	14.52 BCDEF	8.72 BC
3	Mixed - 30-75	2498.8 CDE	9.92 FG	8.86 ABC
4	Mixed - 30-100	2113.6 DE	5.76 GH	8.10 C
5	Mixed - 45-50	2759.0 CDE	13.31 DEF	8.98 ABC
6	Mixed - 45-75	2752.5 CDE	12.12 EF	8.67 ABC
7	Mixed - 45-100	2361.1 DE	9.55 FG	8.50 ABC
8	Molasses - 30-50	1961.9 E	15.35 ABCDEF	10.42 A
9	Molasses - 30-75	2293.0 DE	15.83 ABCDE	9.31 ABC
10	Molasses - 30-100	2653.7 CDE	15.92 ABCDE	10.22 AB
11	Molasses - 45-50	2767.3 CDE	13.89 CDEF	9.14 ABC
12	Molasses - 45-75	2675.2 CDE	13.77 CDEF	8.39 BC
13	Molasses - 45-100	2902.5 BCD	13.26 DEF	8.33 BC
14	Pure - 30-50	2098.8 DE	14.36 BCDEF	8.91 ABC
15	Pure - 30-75	2490.3 CDE	15.30 ABCDEF	9.92 ABC
16	Pure - 30-100	2848.8 CD	15.15 ABCDEF	9.19 ABC
17	Pure - 45-50	2450.7 DE	15.32 ABCDEF	9.79 ABC
18	Pure - 45-75	2701.8 CDE	16.10 ABCDE	8.55 ABC
19	Pure - 45-100	2870.1 CD	14.94 ABCDEF	9.07 ABC
20	Mineral - 100	3771.0 AB	20.42 A	9.14 ABC
21	Mineral - 75	3891.3 A	19.51 ABC	9.64 ABC
22	Mineral - 50	3361.5 ABC	17.68 ABCDE	9.38 ABC
23	Mixed	2812.4 CDE	19.79 AB	8.66 ABC
24	Molasses	2527.8 CDE	18.72 ABCD	9.27 ABC
25	Pure	2616.3 CDE	18.36 ABCD	9.81 ABC

Treatments		N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S
1	Control	35.44 D	2.82 I	33.56 D	12.61 E	25.57 E	2.96 D
2	Mixed 30-50	195.68 C	20.54DEFGH	357.83 BC	44.55 BCD	65.15 AB	15.71 BC
3	Mixed 30-75	226.12 C	24.79 CDEFGH	369.62 BC	35.98 CDE	38.18 BCDE	14.30 BC
4	Mixed 30-100	161.47 CD	11.91 HI	236.12 CD	22.19 DE	28.34 DE	11.17 CD
5	Mixed 45-50	214.73 C	18.63 EFGHI	365.16 BC	45.00 BCD	57.03 ABC	14.94 BC
6	Mixed 45-75	236.80 C	23.98 CDEFGH	424.17 ABC	36.25 CDE	46.58 ABCDE	15.75 BC
7	Mixed 45-100	222.01 C	23.37 CDEFGH	362.87 BC	31.22 CDE	31.87 CDE	14.84 BC
8	Molasses 30-50	158.96 CD	18.00 EFGHI	348.11 BC	42.15 BCD	45.28 ABCDE	10.30 CD
9	Molasses 30-75	190.44 C	24.82 CDEFGH	540.78 AB	55.06 ABC	51.17 ABCDE	12.52 BCD
10	Molasses 30-100	213.21 C	25.98 CDEFGH	608.35 AB	55.03 ABC	51.27 ABCDE	16.95 ABC
11	Molasses 45-50	190.52 C	18.21 EFGHI	366.50 BC	47.34 BC	46.50 ABCDE	12.13 CD
12	Molasses 45-75	197.61 C	23.02 CDEFGH	531.62 ABC	49.72 ABC	49.77 ABCDE	15.14 BC
13	Molasses 45-100	231.01C	27.18 CDEFGH	418.67 ABC	51.42 ABC	42.74 ABCDE	16.91 ABC
14	Pure 30-50	131.86 CD	15.02 GHI	314.73 BCD	38.61 BCD	49.04 ABCDE	9.23 CD
15	Pure 30-75	167.44 CD	19.69 DEFGH	432.04 ABC	39.68 BCD	51.90 ABCDE	12.39 BCD
16	Pure 30-100	223.77 C	24.12 CDEFGH	378.33 BC	43.18 BCD	43.58 ABCDE	15.49 BC
17	Pure 45-50	193.29 C	17.01 FGHI	350.47 BC	36.09 CDE	55.28 ABCD	12.62 BCD
18	Pure 45-75	231.84 C	23.67 CDEFGH	448.34 ABC	38.10 BCD	58.36 ABC	13.80 BC
19	Pure 45-100	255.18 BC	29.24 CDEFG	468.91 ABC	41.07 BCD	51.69 ABCDE	17.24 ABC
20	Mineral 100	490.73 A	71.43 A	702.79 A	73.20 A	60.66 AB	26.06 A
21	Mineral 75	369.68 AB	51.91 B	613.54 AB	60.44 AB	61.77 AB	22.38 AB
22	Mineral 50	245.05 BC	35.17 CD	396.95 BC	47.13 BC	70.22 A	14.38 BC
23	Mixed	226.06 C	38.20 BC	503.61 ABC	46.50 BC	55.54 ABCD	17.69 ABC
24	Molasses	184.84 C	33.23 CDE	457.79 ABC	38.91 BCD	55.12 ABCD	13.87 BC
25	Pure	185.88 C	31.33 CDEF	442.25 ABC	48.73 BC	59.94 ABC	14.26 BC

Treatment		B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
1	Control	77.15 B	18.87 D	402.14 E	937.57 F	11118.48 E
2	Mixed 30-50	306.94 AB	100.14 ABC	1373.92 ABCDE	9824.32 CDE	539.36 ABCD
3	Mixed 30-75	275.90 AB	87.51 BCD	1151.89 BCDE	8199.16 CDEF	408.88 CD
4	Mixed 30-100	166.46 AB	47.25 CD	787.82 DE	5455.51 EF	247.99 DE
5	Mixed 45-50	350.54 AB	83.22 BCD	1408.22 ABCD	9135.06 CDE	524.21 ABCD
6	Mixed 45-75	377.47 AB	94.32 ABC	1353.43 ABCDE	8104.59 CDEF	447.78 BCD
7	Mixed 45-100	332.81 AB	78.21 CD	940.30 CDE	6879.79 EF	349.25 CDE
8	Molasses 30-50	156.84 AB	75.81 CD	1670.96 ABCD	9345.58 CDE	480.45 ABCD
9	Molasses 30-75	353.74 AB	87.22 BCD	1645.13 ABCD	6532.62 EF	447.14 BCD
10	Molasses 30-100	404.43 AB	112.30 ABC	1719.73 ABCD	7410.00 DEF	453.77 BCD
11	Molasses 45-50	266.01 AB	73.95 CD	1419.51 ABCD	5427.56 EF	525.57 ABCD
12	Molasses 45-75	375.91 AB	89.78 ABCD	1705.98 ABCD	7681.92 DEF	520.17 ABCD
13	Molasses 45-100	222.42 AB	95.02 ABC	1463.14 ABCD	9070.85 CDE	542.96 ABCD
14	Pure 30-50	481.48 AB	71.66 CD	1567.92 ABCD	6635.32 EF	381.28 CDE
15	Pure 30-75	305.24 AB	77.13 CD	1427.05 ABCD	7774.58 DEF	450.96 BCD
16	Pure 30-100	383.57 AB	110.75 ABC	1579.58 ABCD	9525.57 CDE	455.36 BCD
17	Pure 45-50	214.13 AB	80.89 BCD	1459.13 ABCD	8904.68 CDE	422.29 BCD
18	Pure 45-75	467.17 AB	82.80 BCD	1383.64 ABCDE	10259.91 CDE	453.20 BCD
19	Pure 45-100	223.48 AB	109.58 ABC	1240.20 ABCDE	9442.37 CDE	498.91 ABCD
20	Mineral 100	511.12 AB	159.47 A	2230.22 A	17813.58 AB	775.77 A
21	Mineral 75	379.33 AB	151.14 AB	2104.15 AB	20910.64 A	710.36 AB
22	Mineral 50	473.87 AB	106.31 ABC	1846.04 ABC	15425.94 ABC	579.78 ABC
23	Compl. Mixed	447.70 AB	112.22 ABC	1905.89 ABC	14689.61 ABCD	558.89 ABC
24	Compl. Molasses	456.87 AB	91.57 ABC	1615.97 ABCD	12105.27 CDE	505.65 ABCD
25	Compl. Pure	539.51 A	112.23 ABC	1509.33 ABCD	9363.25 CDE	506.33 ABCD

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[TFN1] * Reference values - 100%: 50, 100 and 100kg.ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively, this formulation adopted for being the most representative and standard in planting sugar cane in Mills in the Center-South of Brazil. In treatments T₂₃, T₂₄ and T₂₅, complementation was made in order to match the quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied in Treatment 20 (T₂₀).