MICROALGAE AS RAW MATERIAL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES OF THE THIRD GENERATION CHAIN

Lomeu, Alice A.; Mendonça, Henrique V. de; Mendes, Marisa F.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v43nepe20220087/2023

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Review Paper • Eng. agríc. 43 (spe) • May 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v43nepe20220087/2023 copy

MICROALGAE AS RAW MATERIAL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES OF THE THIRD GENERATION CHAIN

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Currently, concern about the burning of fossil fuels and the consequences for the planet has increased and become the agenda of discussions at global levels. In this sense, biofuels are an important alternative, and this article seeks to review the literature on the use of microalgae as raw material for the manufacture of biodiesel, the transesterification process as a conversion method, the technologies used to optimize this process, the characteristics of biodiesel that are required by Brazilian legislation, and the challenges for production. Brazil has a very large potential for the production of these biofuels but their production on a large scale still requires further studies so that it can be part of the country’s energy matrix, including in the agro-industrial sector.

bioeconomy; biofuels; transesterification; catalysts

Microalgae strain	Substrate	Operating conditions	Lipids	Proteins	Carbohydrates	Ref.
Arthrospira platencis DHR20	ACWW	HFBR, 30°C, 265 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 24 h d^-1	16,3%	45%	20%	(de Souza et al., 2021de Souza DS, Valadão RC, Souza ERP de, Barbosa MIMJ, de Mendonça HV (2021) Enhanced arthrospira platensis biomass production combined with anaerobic cattle wastewater bioremediation. Bioenergy Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-021-10258-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-021-10258... )
Chlorella vulgaris	SDW pre-treated by activated sludge	FBR, 60 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 24 h d^-1, 0.42% of CO₂ .	18%	40%	38%	(de Mendonça et al., 2022de Mendonça HV, Otenio MH, Marchão L, Lomeu A, de Souza DS, Reis A (2022) Biofuel recovery from microalgae biomass grown in dairy wastewater treated with activated sludge: The next step in sustainable production. Science of The Total Environment 824: 153838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153838 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022... )
Scenedesmus obliquus	SDW pre-treated by activated sludge	FBR, 60 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 24 h d^-1, 0.42% of CO₂.	21%	35%	39%	(de Mendonça et al., 2022de Mendonça HV, Otenio MH, Marchão L, Lomeu A, de Souza DS, Reis A (2022) Biofuel recovery from microalgae biomass grown in dairy wastewater treated with activated sludge: The next step in sustainable production. Science of The Total Environment 824: 153838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153838 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022... )
C. minutíssima, N. muscorum, Spirulina sp.	70% DWW + 10 g L^-1 of glucose	FBR, 27°C and photoperiod of 18:6 h	14.3%	NR	NR	( Chandra et al., 2021Chandra R, Pradhan S, Patel A, Ghosh UK (2021) An approach for dairy wastewater remediation using mixture of microalgae and biodiesel production for sustainable transportation. Journal of Environmental Management 297: 113210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.1... )
Nannochloropsis oculata	Tannery effluent pre-treated with ozone	FBR, 25 °C, 150 μmol m⁻² s⁻1, photoperiod of 16 h and CO₂ added	51%	NR	NR	( Saranya e Shanthakumar, 2021Saranya D, Shanthakumar S (2021) Insights into the influence of CO2 supplement on phycoremediation and lipid accumulation potential of microalgae: An exploration for biodiesel production. Environmental Technology and Innovation 23: 101596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101596 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.10159... )
Scenedesmus sp.	Effluent from olive oil production + BG11 medium	FBR, 80±10 μEm⁻² s⁻¹, CO₂ e 25 °C ± 3	32%	NR	43%	( Di Caprio et al., 2015Di Caprio F, Altimari P, Pagnanelli F (2015) Integrated biomass production and biodegradation of olive mill wastewater by cultivation of Scenedesmus sp. Algal Research 9: 306–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.... )
Desmodesmus maximus CN06	Wastewater	FBR, 80 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 24 °C	58%	NR	NR	(Purba, et al., 2022)
Spirulina sp LEB 18	Aquaculture wastewater	PBR, 30°C, photoperiod of 12 h, 41,6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹	15%	62%	12%	( Cardoso et al., 2021Cardoso LG, Duarte JH, Costa JAV, de Jesus Assis D, Lemos, PVF, Druzian JI, de Souza CO, Nunes IL, Chinalia FA (2021) Spirulina sp. as a bioremediation agent for aquaculture wastewater: production of high added value compounds and estimation of theoretical biodiesel. BioEnergy Research 14(1): 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10153-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10153... )

Microalgae strain	Conversion process	Reagent	Catalyst	Conditions¹	Biodiesel production (%)	Ref.
Euglena sanguinea	Esterification and transesterification	Methanol	H₂SO₄ (E) e White mussel shell (CaO) (T)	70 °C 80 min	98,6	( Kings et al., 2017Kings AJ, Raj RE, Miriam LRM, Visvanathan MA (2017) Cultivation, extraction and optimization of biodiesel production from potential microalgae Euglena sanguinea using eco-friendly natural catalyst. Energy Conversion and Management 141: 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.... )
Chlorella vulgaris	Electrolysis	Methanol	KF/KOH-Fe₃O₄	25 °C 120 min	96,8	( Farrokheh et al., 2020Farrokheh A, Tahvildari K, Nozari M (2020) Biodiesel production from the Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis microalgae by electrolysis using CaO/KOH-Fe3O4 and KF/KOH-Fe3O4 as magnetic nanocatalysts. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 12(2): 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00688-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00688... )
Chlorella protothecoides	Microwave assisted transesterification	Methanol	NaOH	65 °C 5 min	96,82	( Azcan e Yilmaz, 2014Azcan N, Yilma O (2014) Energy Consumption of biodiesel production from microalgae oil using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst (p. 651–664). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6818-5_46 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6818-... )
Chlorella protothecoides	Transesterification	Methanol	KOH/Al₂O₃	65 °C 35 min	97,79
Chlorella pyrenoidosa	Microwave assisted transesterification	Methanol	Graphene oxide	90 °C 40 min	95,1	( Cheng et al., 2017Cheng J, Qiu Y, Zhang J, Huang R, Yang W, Fan Z (2017) Conversion of lipids from wet microalgae into biodiesel using sulfonated graphene oxide catalysts. Bioresource Technology 244: 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.... )
Nannochloropsis sp. KMMCC 290	Transesterification	Methanol	H₂SO₄ + CHCl₃	70 °C 90 min	75,3	( Kwon e Yeom, 2015Kwon MH, Yeom SH (2015) Biodiesel production from wet marine microalgae via a one-step direct process in the presence of an adsorbent. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 20(3): 593–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0600-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0600-... )
Chlorella sp.	Esterification and transesterification	Methanol	DBSA²	100 °C 30 min	99	( Jazie et al., 2020Jazie AA, Abed SA, Nuhma MJ, Mutar MA (2020) Continuous biodiesel production in a packed bed reactor from microalgae Chlorella sp. using DBSA catalyst. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 23(3): 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.08.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.08... )
Anabaena PCC 7120	Transesterification	Methanol	Ba₂TiO₄	65 °C 180 min	98,41	( Singh et al., 2019Singh R, Kumar A, Sharma YC (2019) Biodiesel synthesis from microalgae (Anabaena PCC 7120) by using barium titanium oxide (Ba2TiO4) solid base catalyst. Bioresource Technology 287: 121357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121357 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.... )
Chlorella sp., Scenedesmuus sp., Synechocystis sp., Spirulina sp.	Transesterification	Methanol	Biochar peanut shell	65 °C 240 min	94,91	( Behera et al., 2020Behera B, Selvam SM, Dey B, Balasubramanian P (2020) Algal biodiesel production with engineered biochar as a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst. Bioresource Technology 310:123392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123392 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.... )

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[1] * Corresponding author. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental/Instituto de Tecnologia/Departamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro/Seropédica - RJ, Brazil. E-mail: henriquevieira@ufrrj.br | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-5110