COGNITIVE SKILLS AS PREDICTORS OF ARITHMETIC ACHIEVEMENT OF 3<sup>th</sup> AND 4<sup>th</sup> GRADERS

NOGUES, CAMILA PERES; JARDIM, FÁBIO DOS SANTOS; LIMA, ELIELSON MAGALHÃES; DORNELES, BEATRIZ VARGAS

doi:10.1590/0102-469836538t

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ARTICLE • Educ. rev. 39 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-469836538t copy

COGNITIVE SKILLS AS PREDICTORS OF ARITHMETIC ACHIEVEMENT OF 3^th AND 4^th GRADERS ¹ 1 The translation of this article into English was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES/Brasil.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

This article presents a study that aimed to identify general and specific cognitive skills as predictors of arithmetic achievement. Through a quantitative analysis, we evaluated 127 students in the 3^rd and 4^th grades on the following skills: working memory, phonemic awareness, reading comprehension, number transcoding, number line estimation, and quantitative reasoning. We assessed these cognitive skills in two moments, at the beginning and the end of the school year. In this second moment, we also assessed the students' arithmetic achievement. The results specifically indicated a direct influence of number transcoding, quantitative reasoning, and phonemic awareness on arithmetic performance. In addition, the findings showed that number transcoding is a mediator in the relation between quantitative reasoning and phonemic awareness with arithmetic performance. Thus, we emphasize the importance of general and specific skills for students' arithmetic performance. Furthermore, we highlight the prioritization of teaching based on the understanding of the number system and the relations between amounts (quantitative reasoning) for arithmetic learning, as well as for preventing future mathematical difficulties.

Keywords:
predictive skills; arithmetic achievement; number transcoding; quantitative reasoning; phonemic awareness

		Total (%)	Mean (SD)	Minimum	Maximum
School grade	3rd	55 (4331)
School grade	4th	72 (56.69)
Gender	F	79 (62.20)
Gender	M	48 (37.80)
Age			9.3 (0.7)	8.2	11.3

		Moment 1		Moment z
	α*	Mean (SD)	Min. - Max.	Mean (SD)	Min. - Max.	p-value
WM - Phonological	0.89	25.81 (4.97)	16 - 42	26.56 (5.29)	16 - 48	< 0.01
WM - visuospatial	0.79	21.40 (3.98)	13 - 29	22.32 (4.09)	8 - 31	< 0.05
WM - Central Executive	0.84	9.26 (3.48)	1 - 21	10.22 (3.57)	5 - 22	< 0.01
Reading comprehension¹	0.73 0.69	6.90 (2.63)	0 - 12	7.61 (2.58)	2 - 12	< 0.05
Phonemic awareness	0.90	19.53 (6.53)	1 - 28	21.27 (5.47)	5 - 28	< 0.001
Number transcoding	0.92	21.31 (5.73)	7 - 28	24.48 (4.33)	13 - 28	< 0.001
Number line estimation	0.90	0.89 (0.05)	0.69 - 0.97	0.91 (0.04)	0,77 - 0,97	< 0.05
Quantitative reasoning	0.72	8.24 (3.08)	0 - 16	10.28 (4.16)	0 - 18	< 0.001
Arithmetic Performance	--	--	--	13.17 (4.02)	2 - 23	--

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. WM - PC	-
2. WM - VC	-0.01	-
3. WM - CE	0.29***	0.26**	-
4. PA	0.26**	0.21*	0.39***	-
5. RC	0.12	-0.03	0.27**	0.37***	-
6. NT	0.35***	0.24**	0.28**	0.34***	0.24**	-
7. NLE	0.12	0.28**	0.28**	0.31***	0.26**	0.43***	-
8. QR	0.17	0.28**	0.33***	0.34***	0.40***	0.52***	0.36***	-
9. AP	0.23**	0.30***	0.21*	0.38***	0.23**	0.61***	0.32***	0.50***

	Arithmetic Performance
Predictive Variables	Β	CI	p-value
Raven	-0.00	-0.15 - 0.15	0.761
Working Memory	0.05	-0.18 - 0.29	0.996
Phonemic Awareness	0.09	-0.00 - 0.19	0.062
Reading Comprehension	-0.04	-0.27 - 0.20	0.762
Number Line Estimation	0.18	-12.18 - 12.55	0.977
Number Transcoding	0.31	0.19 - 0.43	<0.001
Quantitative Reasoning	0.28	0.04 - 0.51	0.021

	Arithmetic Performance
Predictive Variables	R² partial	ΔR²	Β	CI	p-value
Number Transcoding	0.371	0.371	0.32	0.21 - 0.43	<0.001
Quantitative Reasoning	0.410	0.039	0.27	0.06 - 0.48	0.003
Phonemic Awareness	0.427	0.017	0.10	0.01 - 0.19	0.034

	Arithmetic Performance
Predictors	Β	CI	p-value
Quantitative Reasoning	0.54	0.05 - 0.25	<0.001
Phonemic Awareness	0.15	0.33 - 0.75	0.003

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COGNITIVE SKILLS AS PREDICTORS OF ARITHMETIC ACHIEVEMENT OF 3th AND 4th GRADERS 1 1 The translation of this article into English was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES/Brasil.

ABSTRACT:

COGNITIVE SKILLS AS PREDICTORS OF ARITHMETIC ACHIEVEMENT OF 3^th AND 4^th GRADERS ¹ 1 The translation of this article into English was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES/Brasil.