AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS AND HORIZONTAL STRATIFICATION: COMPARISON BETWEEN BONUS AND QUOTAS ACT AT THE UFMG

PAULA, GUSTAVO BRUNO DE; NONATO, BRÉSCIA FRANÇA; NOGUEIRA, CLÁUDIO MARQUES MARTINS

doi:10.1590/0102-469837918t

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ARTICLE • Educ. rev. 39 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-469837918t copy

AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS AND HORIZONTAL STRATIFICATION: COMPARISON BETWEEN BONUS AND QUOTAS ACT AT THE UFMG

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

In this article, we analyze the effects of two affirmative action policies adopted by the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG): the bonus policy and the Quota Act. We compare the social inclusion produced by them by two angles: the access itself to UFMG and the distribution of the target groups among the institution’s programs, considering its internal horizontal hierarchy. We verify the changes in the student`s profile by focusing on three variables: race, school origin and family income. Based on descriptive statistics, it is concluded that the two policies had relevant effects on social inclusion. However, this occurred in different ways. The bonus policy was able to increase the access of students from public schools, blacks and with low-income, but mainly in the less selective programs. The Quota Act contributed more effectively to increasing the access of these students to the most selective programs of UFMG, reducing the horizontal inequalities. We observe, however, that remains expressive inequalities in the access to the universities programs still need to be addressed.

Keywords:
higher education; affirmative action; educational inequalities; horizontal stratification

Variable	Selectivity of course	Entrance year
						Bonus				Quotas Act Implementation			Quotas Act 50%
		2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
White	High selectivity	72.8	67.9	69.2	70.3	59.1	53.3	56.1	58.8	59.7	62.4	57.3	53.5	53.1	52.7	56.4
	Medium selectivity	71.3	71.3	71.5	70.1	51.2	48.4	42.6	45.2	42.5	49.4	51	45	49.1	48.3	52.8
	Low selectivity	65.8	59.1	63.1	62.6	42.1	38.5	38	37.2	41	47.6	45.5	43.2	43.8	47.8	49.5
	High-Low difference	+7	+8.8	+6.1	+7.7	+17	+14.8	+18.1	+21.6	+18.7	+14.8	+11.8	+10.3	+9.3	+4.9	+6.9
	Medium-low difference	+5.5	+12.2	+8.4	+7.5	+9.1	+9.9	+4.6	+8	+1.5	+1.8	+5.5	+1.8	+5.3	+0.5	+3.3
Mixed Race	High selectivity	22.5	26.6	25.5	24.2	33.8	37.1	36	33.7	32.2	32.5	36.3	39.1	38.5	39.4	32.3
	Medium selectivity	24.4	24.1	23.5	25	39.3	42.2	44.3	41.8	43.3	41	40.3	43.7	39.5	41.1	33.7
	Low selectivity	26.6	30.4	27.9	28.5	41.3	45.3	42.7	43.7	41.6	38.7	41.9	42.7	40.9	38.7	34
	High-Low difference	-4.1	-3.8	-2.4	-4.3	-7.5	-8.2	-6.7	-10	-9.4	-6.2	-5.6	-3.6	-2.4	+0.7	-1.7
	Medium-low difference	-2.2	-6.3	-4.4	-3.5	-2	-3.1	1.6	-1.9	+1.7	+2.3	-1.6	+1	-1.4	+2.4	-0.3
Black	High selectivity	3	3.9	3.2	3.8	5.3	7.8	6.6	6.6	6.5	4.1	5.3	6.7	6.9	6.6	9.1
	Medium selectivity	2.9	3.1	3.7	3	8.4	7.8	11.7	11.3	12.3	8.1	7.6	10.3	9.9	9.2	11.5
	Low selectivity	5.1	6.9	6.5	7.3	12.5	12.3	15.8	15.6	13.6	11.7	10.9	12.6	14	12.5	14.6
	High-Low difference	-2.1	-3	-3.3	-3.5	-7.2	-4.5	-9.2	-9	-7.1	-7.6	-5.6	-5.9	-7.1	-5.9	-5.5
	Medium-low difference	-2.2	-3.8	-2.8	-4.3	-4.1	-4.5	-4.1	-4.3	-1.3	-3.6	-3.3	-2.3	-4.1	-3.3	-3.1

Variable	Selectivity of course	Entrance year
						Bonus				Quotas Act Implementation			Quotas Act 50%
		2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Private network	High selectivity	69.7	64.6	70.6	74.2	61.2	60.2	66.5	65.5	71.4	67.1	57.4	48.7	48.5	48.1	49.9
	Medium selectivity	67.5	70.5	75.5	67.5	53.2	52.5	50.1	46.5	45.8	54.5	52.7	43.7	46.5	46.2	48
	Low selectivity	50.8	52	54.2	51.9	36	39.1	32.5	31.6	42.7	43.7	42.4	38.8	40.5	40.4	39.6
	High-Low difference	+18.9	+12.6	+16.4	+22.3	+25.2	+21.1	+34	+33.9	+28.7	+23.4	+15	+9.9	+8	+7.7	+10.3
	Medium-low difference	+16.7	+18.5	+21.3	+15.6	+17.2	+13.4	+17.6	+14.9	+3.1	+10.8	+10.3	+4.9	+6	+5.8	+8.4
Federal network	High selectivity	12.7	15.7	12.6	9.6	14.8	11.9	15.2	15.3	13.9	18.9	23.4	24.5	24.3	24.3	22.5
	Medium selectivity	11.6	11.7	9.2	10	10.8	10.2	8	7.2	6.7	13.2	13.7	13.7	15	14.4	14.7
	Low selectivity	7.4	6.4	5.8	10.6	5.8	4.4	3.3	3.9	4.6	7.4	7.2	7	8	9.3	9.3
	High-Low difference	+5.3	+9.3	+6.8	-1	+9	+7.5	+11.9	+11.4	+9.3	+11.5	+16.2	+17.5	+16.3	+15	+13.2
	Medium-low difference	+4.2	+5.3	+3.4	-0.6	+5	+5.8	+4.7	+3.3	+2.1	+5.8	+6.5	+6.7	+7	+5.1	+5.4
State or municipal network	High selectivity	17.6	19.6	16.7	16.2	24	27.9	18.3	19.1	14.8	14	19.2	26.8	27.2	27.7	27.6
	Medium selectivity	20.9	17.8	15.3	22.5	36	37.3	41.9	46.2	47.5	32.3	33.6	42.6	38.5	39.4	37.3
	Low selectivity	41.8	41.5	40	37.5	58.1	56.4	64.1	64.6	52.7	48.9	50.4	54.2	51.5	50.3	51.1
	High-Low difference	-24.2	-21.9	-23.3	-21.3	-34.1	-28.5	-45.8	-45.5	-37.9	-34.9	-31.2	-27.4	-24.3	-22.6	-23.5
	Medium-low difference	-20.9	-23.7	-24.7	-15	-22.1	-19.1	-22.2	-18.4	-5.2	-16.6	-16.8	-11.6	-13	-10.9	-13.8

ariable	Selectivity of course	Entrance Year
						Bonus				Quotas Act Implementation			Quotas Act 50%
		2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Up to 2 minimum wages	High selectivity	4.3	3.6	4.3	3.8	6.3	8.2	5	4.7	5.9	7	8.4	11.1	12.6	13	14.7
	Medium selectivity	3.3	3.5	3.3	6.1	8.6	9.6	11.8	14.7	15.4	11.5	13.5	18.3	18	19.9	21.4
	Low selectivity	7.7	8.7	10.3	9.6	19.5	21	25.1	25.7	20.7	19.7	21.5	24.7	25.4	26.4	27.2
	High-Low difference	-3.4	-5.1	-6	-5.8	-13.2	-12.8	-20.1	-21	-14.8	-12.7	-13.1	-13.6	-12.8	-13.4	-12.5
	Medium-low difference	-4.4	-5.2	-7	-3.5	-10.9	-11.4	-13.3	-11	-5.3	-8.2	-8	-6.4	-7.4	-6.5	-5.8
Between 2 and 5 minimum wages	High selectivity	15.9	22.1	18.6	17.7	26.4	30	24.3	24	25.4	22.4	24.8	30.3	30	32.4	29.6
	Medium selectivity	21.2	19.1	18.1	23	33.2	34.9	42.9	38.7	41.4	31.8	34.4	37.8	38.7	38.1	36.1
	Low selectivity	30.7	33.4	34.8	33.6	41.8	42	44.8	44.7	44.3	39	40.3	41.1	40.6	39.4	39.7
	High-Low difference	-14.8	-11.3	-16.2	-15.9	-15.4	-12	-20.5	-20.7	-18.9	-16.6	-15.5	-10.8	-10.6	-7	-10.1
	Medium-low difference	-9.5	-14.3	-16.7	-10.6	-8.6	-7.1	-1.9	-6	-2.9	-7.2	-5.9	-3.3	-1.9	-1.3	-3.6
Between 5 and 10 minimum wages	High selectivity	26	27.3	26.7	23.4	23.8	25.5	27.8	26.9	27.7	26.5	26.1	25	26.4	25.3	25.7
	Medium selectivity	27.1	27.6	28.3	29.4	26.6	25.7	25.3	25.1	24	30.3	29.1	24.2	25.6	25.2	23.2
	Low selectivity	27.2	28.5	28.3	27.6	23.1	20.8	19.3	18.4	18.4	25.8	23.9	20.9	21.8	21.7	21.2
	High-Low difference	-1.2	-1.2	-1.6	-4.2	+0.7	+4.7	+8.5	+8.5	+9.3	+0.7	+2.2	+4.1	+4.6	+3.6	+4.5
	Medium-low difference	-0.1	-0.9	0	+1.8	+3.5	+4.9	+6	+6.7	+5.6	+4.5	+5.2	+3.3	+3.8	+3.5	+2
Up to 10 minimum wages	High selectivity	53.8	47	50.4	55.1	43.5	36.2	42.9	44.5	41.1	44.1	40.6	33.6	31	29.4	30
	Medium selectivity	48.4	49.9	50.3	41.5	31.7	29.8	20	21.5	19.1	26.4	23	19.7	17.7	16.8	19.3
	Low selectivity	34.4	29.5	26.6	29.3	15.7	16.2	10.8	11.2	16.6	15.5	14.4	13.3	12.2	12.5	12
	High-Low difference	+19.4	+17.5	+23.8	+25.8	+27.8	+20	+32.1	+33.3	+24.5	+28.6	+26.2	+20.3	+18.8	+16.9	+18
	Medium-low difference	+14	+20.4	+23.7	+12.2	+16	+13.6	+9.2	+10.3	+2.5	+10.9	+8.6	+6.4	+5.5	+4.3	+7.3

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