Uso racional de energia e geração fotovoltaica: estratégias sustentáveis para o norte do Brasil

Nascimento Neto, Manoel; Fernandes Filho, Guilherme Eugênio Filippo; Muniz Junior, Jorge; Rocha, Aglaé Baptista Torres da; Oliveira, Otávio José de

doi:10.1590/1806-9649-2025v32e9024

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Sumário

ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Gest. Prod. 32 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9649-2025v32e9024 linkcopiar

Uso racional de energia e geração fotovoltaica: estratégias sustentáveis para o norte do Brasil

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Resumo A preocupação com a eficiência energética e a energia renovável ganhou destaque durante a crise energética global. Isso é particularmente relevante em Roraima, um estado no norte do Brasil, devido à sua dependência de sistemas elétricos isolados. Boa Vista, a capital, tem altas temperaturas médias anuais e o maior consumo médio de eletricidade residencial do país, o que cria uma oportunidade para soluções sustentáveis. Dada a abundante disponibilidade de radiação solar na região, a energia fotovoltaica surgiu como uma alternativa promissora para atender às demandas de energia de forma sustentável e econômica. Neste trabalho, estudos de caso realizados em três residências e em um campus universitário de Boa Vista permitiram analisar a infraestrutura e os desafios energéticos e propor soluções para aumentar a eficiência energética no estado e na região. A novidade deste trabalho está na integração das percepções acadêmicas sobre eficiência energética e energia fotovoltaica com iniciativas práticas implementadas no campus. O estudo contribui para o discurso teórico-científico ao explorar estratégias inovadoras para aumentar a eficiência energética e o uso de energia fotovoltaica, ajudando a avançar o estado da arte nesse campo. A contribuição gerencial aplicada fornece orientação às autoridades na formulação de políticas para o desenvolvimento tecnológico e o uso racional de energia.

Palavras-chave:
Eficiência energética; Geração fotovoltaica distribuída; Energia fotovoltaica; Fornecimento de energia sustentável

Object	Description	Location reference
UC1	Residence built on a 600 m² plot, located in the Pricumã neighborhood of Boa Vista, in Bioclimatic Zone 8 (BZ 8), at geographical coordinates 2°48'37" N and 60°41'51" W, with an elevation of 81.9 m. The built area is 142 m² and contains 1 balcony, 1 living room, 3 bedrooms, 1 en-suite, 1 kitchen, 1 laundry area, and 1 bathroom and is inhabited by two residents.	Google (2018a)
UC2	Residence built on a 600 m² plot, located in the Caçari neighborhood, Boa Vista, in BZ 8, at geographical coordinates 2°51'43" N and 60°40'14" W and elevation 76.9 m. The built area is 360 m² and contains 1 veranda, 1 living room, 3 bedrooms, 1 kitchen, 1 laundry area, 1 shared bathroom and 2 suites, and a swimming pool, and is inhabited by three residents.	Google (2018b)
UC3	Residence built on a 480 m² plot, located in the Paraviana neighborhood, Boa Vista, in BZ 8, at geographical coordinates 2°51'46" N and 60°39'53" W and elevation 70.3 m. The built area is 120 m² and contains 1 balcony, 1 living room, 2 bedrooms, 1 kitchen, 1 laundry area, and 2 communal bathrooms and is inhabited by six residents.	Google (2018c)
UC4	The CBV is in the Pricumã district of Boa Vista and occupies a total area of 69,760.55 m². It has more than a dozen buildings, totaling 27,500 m² of constructed area. The electrical infrastructure comprises a single meter at the supply point and a substation equipped with two 500 kVA transformers, reaching a total transformation capacity of 1,000 kVA.	Google (2018d)

Source of evidence	Activities carried out
Bibliographical research	Documentary analysis, gaps, state-of-the-art
Available resources	Characterization of the objects of study
EDRR data	Load surveys at three residences and the CBV
UC energy bills	Electrical measurements in Boa Vista residences
Energy supply point	Inspection and electrical measurements at the CBV
PV energy supply point	Electrical measurements on the DPVG source
Payback cash flow	Evaluation of the economic viability of the DPVG source

Item	Residence 1 (UC1)	Residence 2 (UC2)	Residence 3 (UC3)
Substation	Floresta	Centro	Distrito
Voltage	127/220 V (two-phase)	127/220 V (three-phase)	127/220 V (two-phase)
Circuit breaker	50 A	100 A	40 A
Installed power (Pinst)	15 kW	38 kW	5.4 kW
Total consumption (12 months)	10,630 kWh	20,932 kWh	9,816 kWh
Average monthly consumption	886 kWh	1,744 kWh	818 kWh
No. of residents	2	3	6
Main consumption (installed loads)	Indoor and outdoor lighting (0.5 kW), air conditioning (4.6 kW), refrigeration (0.8 kW), water heating (5.5 kW), and other loads (3.6 kW)	Indoor and outdoor lighting (1.8 kW), air conditioning (6.9 kW) and refrigeration (1.0 kW), electric shower (22.5 kW) and other loads (5.8 kW)	Indoor and outdoor lighting (0.4 kW), air conditioning and refrigeration (3.0 kW) and other loads (2.0 kW)

Mo	2014			2015			2016			2017
Mo	PC (kWh)	OPC (kWh)	D (kW)	PC (kWh)	OPC (kWh)	D (kW)	PC (kWh)	OPC (kWh)	D (kW)	PC (kWh)	OPC (kWh)	D (kW)
Jan	0	76,320	500	6,480	77,760	500	5,369	70,509	500	5,429	61,315	500
Feb	0	113,760	500	9,786	93,022	500	13,844	93,334	545	11,548	87,260	509
Mar	0	121,562	525	10,144	113,365	500	20,823	125,847	579	16,961	112,391	566
Apr	0	112,959	500	10,998	106,262	500	18,700	119,506	648	18,245	115,094	500
Mai	0	102,643	500	10,298	102,331	500	17,436	113,294	594	15,263	105,436	519
Jun	0	120,901	500	10,841	107,688	500	16,368	105,287	517	13,178	91,007	500
Jul	0	115,393	500	10,292	103,439	500	10,218	80,167	500	8,094	63,113	500
Aug	0	114,239	500	12,280	132,081	527	19,224	119,214	534	19,296	109,519	534
Sep	0	133,444	523	12,328	134,332	639	18,307	121,139	594	13,983	123,887	500
Oct	12,329	119,595	521	11,894	143,730	607	18,245	117,626	637	20,089	118,126	560
Nov	12,394	119,723	552	10,530	121,556	573	17,064	121,788	604	18,226	107,993	573
Dec	8,800	101,200	500	8,472	111,201	500	10,231	89,209	533	10,997	80,262	500
Total	33,523	1,351,739		124,343	1,346,770		185,829	1,276,920		171,409	1,175,403

	External lighting	Internal lighting	Air conditioners
Installed power (Pinst)	108.5 kW	79.9 kW
Cooling power (CP)			780 kW
Cooling capacity (CC)			8,456,000 Btu/h
Total number of items	116 lamps	1,748 lamps	236 appliances

Month/Year	String 1 (kWh)	String 2 (kWh)	String 3 (kWh)	String 4 (kWh)	String 5 (kWh)	Production (kWh)	Production (%)	Production PV (%)	Billed monthly CEE (kWh)
Jun/17	261	251	289	284	0	1,085	1.80	1.04	104,285
Jul/17	1,401	907	949	1,374	0	4,631	7.67	6.50	71,207
Aug/17	1,826	1,427	1,829	1,837	1,402	8,320	13.78	6.46	128,815
Sep/17	1,825	1,502	1,893	1,874	1,836	8,929	14.78	6.48	137,870
Oct/17	1,889	1,558	1,910	2,037	1,940	9,334	15.46	6.75	138,215
Nov/17	1,638	1,310	1,697	1,955	1,836	8,434	13.96	6.68	126,219
Dec/17	1,533	1,184	1,589	1,843	1,726	7,874	13.04	8.63	91,239
Jan/18	1,376	1,017	1,425	1,659	1,543	7,020	11.62	17.28	40,618
Feb/18	846	746	1,013	1,115	1,048	4,768	7.89	7.66	62,219
TOTAL	12,595	9,902	12,594	13,978	11,331	60,395	100		900,687

Residence	Built area (m²)	No. of residents	AMC (kWh)	Pinst (kW)	Refrigeration load (kW)	Protection (A)
UC1	142	2	886	15.0	5.4	50
UC2	360	3	1,744	38.0	7.9	100
UC3	120	6	818	5.4	3.0	40

Month	PC + OPC (January to December 4 years) (kWh)	AMC (kWh)	PC + OPC (January to December 3 years) (kWh)	AMC (kWh)
Jan	303,182	75,796	226,862	75,621
Feb	422,554	105,639	308,794	102,931
Mar	521,093	130,273	399,351	133,177
Apr	501,764	125,441	388,805	129,602
May	466,701	116,675	364,058	121,353
Jun	465,370	116,343	344,469	114,823
Jul	390,716	97,679	275,323	91,774
Aug	525,853	131,463	411,614	137,205
Sep	557,420	139,355	423,976	141,325
Oct	561,634	140,409	429,710	143,237
Nov	529,274	132,319	397,157	132,386
Dec	420,375	105,094	310,375	103,458

Year	Month	Energy produced (kWh)	DPVG electrical efficiency (%)	Savings and cash flow
2017	Aug	8,320	12	6,588.71
2017	Sep	8,929	12	7,070.98
2017	Oct	9,334	13	7,391.71
2017	Nov	8,434	13	6,679.00
2017	Dec	7,874	13	6,236.00
2018	Jan	7,020	12	5,559.22
Average value		8,319	12.5	6,587.60

Project	Simple payback	Discounted payback	Profitability index	NPV (R$)	IRR (%)
P1	11 years, 5 months and 19 days	19 years, 2 months, and 12 days	0.999	-852.39	1.09
P2	11 years, 4 months and 19 days	37 years and 8 days	0.994	-5,511.69	2.12
P3	11 years, 4 months, and 10 days	35 years, 1 month, and 5 days	1.139	3,872.09	2.14

Source of evidence	Possible solutions
Electrical projects outside INMETRO standards	Restructure energy projects and adapt the electrical system following INMETRO's RTQ-R for homes and RTQ-C for commercial buildings.
Compensation for losses in Roraima's electricity grid	Implement energy efficiency measures by replacing light bulbs, air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers.
CBV DPVG surveys	Use DPVG with batteries to stabilize voltage levels affected by varying insolation. It is recommended that batteries with a capacity similar to each photovoltaic module be installed, and a voltage regulator between each battery and module should be included.
Low power quality in the UCs	Filter energy using active filters to eliminate zero-sequence harmonics that overload the neutral conductor, thereby reducing technical losses and avoiding increased consumption.
	Adjust the power factor to a value higher than or equal to 0.92.
	Seek to reduce technical losses and total losses to a value below or near that regulated by ANEEL.
Technical losses observed in the UCs	Modernize the energy metering systems for low and medium voltage units of consumption.
	Reduce technical losses to comply with ANEEL standards, eliminate losses due to the joule effect in outdated transformers, and install bimetallic connectors in copper and aluminum cable branches.
	Advise consumers on electrical losses in residential installations caused by poor-quality equipment and inadequate grounding.

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Universidade Federal de São Carlos Departamento de Engenharia de Produção , Caixa Postal 676 , 13.565-905 São Carlos SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 16 3351 8471 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: gp@dep.ufscar.br

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[1] UC = Unit of Consumption; BZ = Bioclimatic Zone.