Orofacial Myofunctional Aspects of Nursing Infants and Preschoolers

Medeiros, Andréa Monteiro Correia; Assis, Herick Santos; Alves, Maria Vanessa Martins; Santana, Yasmin Fernandes Silva; Silva Filho, William José e; Barreto, Íkaro Daniel de Carvalho; Berretin-Felix, Giédre

doi:10.1055/s-0042-1759576

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Brasil

International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology

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Sumário

Original Research • iao 27 (4) • June 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759576 copy

Orofacial Myofunctional Aspects of Nursing Infants and Preschoolers

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Introduction

Clinical assessment in orofacial motricity is required for the speech therapist to diagnose and treat disorders involving the stomatognathic system. Validated tools can help establish a prognosis and outline intervention methods connected to human development.

Objective

The goal of the present study was to examine the domains of the oromyofunctional assessment of nursing infants and preschoolers according to sex and age group, as well as the application of the MMBGR Protocol – Nursing Infants and Preschool Children.

Methods

A quantitative technique was used to conduct an analytical and cross-sectional investigation. The present study included a total of 214 healthy breastfeeding infants and preschoolers of both sexes. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the medians. The Spearman correlation of each test domain was determined. R Core Team 2021 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) was used, and the significance threshold was set at 5%.

Results

In intraoral and extraoral examinations, there was a difference between sexes for tongue scores in nursing infants(d =-0.428; p = 0.045), worse in males. When the orofacial functions were considered in nursing infants, there were differences between the sexes for the liquid/solid/semisolid deglutition scores (d = 0.479; p = 0.031), with females performing worse. There were sex differences in solid/semisolid deglutition (d = -0.335; p = 0.043), and speech in preschoolers (d = - 0.478; p = 0.034), including the production of phones/phonemes (d = - 0.599; p = 0.007), which were always worse in males.

Conclusion

The research revealed sex disparities and related the domains of oromyofunctional assessment, according to scores, of the domains of myofunctional assessment, as recorded in a standardized oromyofunctional assessment protocol by age group.

Keywords
nursing infant; preschoolers; stomatognathic system; speech; language and hearing sciences; evaluation studies as topic

		Female		Male
	Maximum score	X̅ (SD)	M (IQI)	X̅ (SD)	M (IQI)	p-value	d
Nursing infants		(n = 35)		(n = 41)
Extraoral examination	20	5.74 (2.93)	5 (4–8)	6.37 (2.97)	6 (4.5–8.5)	0.345	-0.211
Face	10	1.54 (1.62)	1 (0–2)	2.1 (1.89)	2 (0–3)	0.209	-0.313
Lips	9	3.54 (1.87)	4 (2–5)	3.61 (1.87)	4 (2–5)	0.979	-0.036
Mandible	1	0.66 (0.48)	1 (0–1)	.66 (0.48)	1 (0–1)	0.995	-0.003
Intraoral examination	42	3.51 (2.93)	3 (1–5)	3.9 (2.62)	3 (2–6)	0.485	-0.140
Lips	5	0.6 (0.88)	0 (0–1)	0.59 (0.81)	0 (0–1)	1.000	0.017
Cheeks	6	0.2 (0.58)	0 (0–0)	0.12 (0.46)	0 (0–0)	0.540	0.150
Tongue	13	1.2 (1.37)	1 (0–2)	1.8 (1.45)	1 (1–2.5)	0.045	-0.428
Palate	10	0.69 (1.39)	0 (0–0)	0.76 (1.39)	0 (0–1.5)	0.741	-0.051
Palatine tonsils	4	1.83 (1.59)	2 (0–3.5)	1.58 (1.68)	1.5 (0–3.5)	0.692	0.153
Teeth and occlusion	4	0.2 (0.76)	0 (0–0)	0.17 (0.54)	0 (0–0)	0.666	0.045
Preschoolers		(n = 79)		(n = 59)
Extraoral examination	20	7.16 (3.15)	7 (5–9)	8.05 (3.16)	8 (6–10)	0.076	-0.281
Face	10	3.39 (2.33)	3 (1–5)	3.92 (2.25)	4 (2–6)	0.149	-0.228
Lips	9	3.35 (1.78)	3 (2–5)	3.59 (1.88)	4 (2–5)	0.459	-0.131
Mandible	1	0.42 (0.5)	0 (0–1)	0.54 (0.5)	1 (0–1)	0.149	-0.249
Intraoral examination	56	10.51 (4.7)	10 (7–13)	10.53 (4.5)	10 (6–15)	0.983	-0.004
Lips	5	0.7 (0.95)	0 (0–1)	0.51 (0.8)	0 (0–1)	0.277	0.214
Cheeks	8	0.68 (1.03)	0 (0–2)	0.61 (0.95)	0 (0–1)	0.799	0.074
Tongue	16	2 (1.72)	2 (1–3)	2.24 (1.6)	2 (1–3)	0.268	-0.143
Palate	10	2.47 (1.73)	2 (1–4)	2.32 (1.56)	2 (2–4)	0.591	0.089
Palatine tonsils	4	2.03 (1.58)	2 (0–4)	2.27 (1.55)	2 (1.25–4)	0.420	-0.154
Teeth and occlusion	13	2.91 (2.23)	3 (1-5)	3 (2.17)	3 (1-4)	0.797	-0.040

Nursing infants		Female (n = 35)		Male (n = 41)
Nursing infants	Maximum score	X̅ (IQI)	M (IIQ)	X̅ (SD)	M (IQI)	p-value	d
Orofacial functions	46/92	10.03 (5.71)	11 (5–13)	8.9 (4.35)	8 (6–12)	0.468	0.224
Breathing	2	0.66 (0.54)	1 (0–1)	0.66 (0.48)	1 (0–1)	0.926	-0.003
Suction/deglutition	22	1.78 (1.93)	1 (0.75–2)	2.38 (2.85)	1 (0–4)	0.884	-0.237
Mastication	13	2.95 (1.88)	3 (2–4)	2.8 (1.66)	3 (1–4)	0.947	0.085
Liquid/pasty deglutition	37	4.66 (3.14)	4 (3–6)	4.56 (3.13)	4 (2–7)	0.971	0.031
Liquid/solid/semisolid deglutition	32	4.91 (4.83)	5 (0–9)	2.76 (4.21)	0 (0–6)	0.031	0.479
Solid/semisolid deglutition	17	4.1 (2.57)	4 (3–5)	3.73 (1.87)	4 (2–5)	0.761	0.159
Pasty deglutition	22	4.29 (3.1)	3 (2.5–5.5)	5.2 (2.89)	5 (3–7)	0.228	-0.305
Liquid deglutition	15	3.91 (2.48)	5 (1–6)	3.56 (2.56)	3 (1.25–5)	0.516	0.139
Total score	218/264	20.2 (8.05)	20 (14-25)	20.27 (7.37)	20 (15-24)	0.946	-0.009

Preschoolers		Female (n = 79)		Male (n = 59)
Preschoolers	Maximum score	X̅ (SD)	M (IQI)	X̅ (SD)	M (IQI)	p-value	d
Orofacial functions	53/68	15.33 (6.37)	14 (11–19)	18.2 (6.73)	20 (14–24)	.007	–.439
Breathing	2	.65 (0.53)	1 (0–1)	.69 (0.56)	1 (0–1)	.651	–.090
Mastication	13	3.97 (1.67)	4 (3–5)	3.88 (2.06)	4 (3–6)	.913	.050
Solid/semisolid deglutition	15	4.23 (2.08)	4 (3–5)	4.97 (2.32)	5 (3–7)	.043	–.335
Liquid deglutition	17	3.68 (2.28)	4 (2–5)	4.29 (2.02)	4 (3–6)	.121	–.281
Speech	21	2.91 (2.66)	2 (1–4)	4.53 (3.98)	3 (1–7)	.034	–.478
Production of phones/phonemes	6	1.18 (1.29)	1 (0–2)	2.23 (2.1)	2 (0–4)	.007	–.599
General aspects of speech articulation	15	2.38 (2.09)	2 (0–4)	2.85 (2.42)	3 (0.75–5)	.430	–.206
Total score	154/169	35.08 (11.52)	34 (27-44)	39.27 (11.99)	40 (30-50)	.037	–.357

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[1] Address for correspondence Ikaro Daniel de Carvalho Barreto, PhD, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biometria e Estatística Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, CEP: 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brazil (e-mail: daniel.carvalho.ib@gmail.com.br).