Intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity: a narrative review of the literature

Aguiar, Andressa Pedroso; Corrêa, Rafaela da Silveira

doi:10.1590/interface.210488

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Review • Interface (Botucatu) 26 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/interface.210488 linkcopy

Intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity: a narrative review of the literature

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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs and Medline databases. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included. The inclusion criteria included studies that related intimate partner violence against women with food insecurity, being selected 16 articles with this theme. The assessment of violence and insecurity was made using scales and questionnaires, measuring the incidence, as well as the level of insecurity and the types of violence. All studies identified a strong and robust association between both topics, identifying a strong association, in a bidirectional way, between intimate partner violence and food insecurity, a relationship was mediated mainly by psychological and economic problems.

Keywords
Intimate partner violence; Intimate partner abuse; Food insecurity; Food security

Author/Year	Design	Country	Sample and Population	Means of Evaluating FI	How to Evaluate IPV	Results
Andarge E and Shiferaw Y, et al.¹⁹	Cross-sectional	Ethiopia	696 Women	Self-questionnaire. Eight items that define and measure FI	Self-questionnaire	66.4% of the women who experienced violence were from families with FI. Of those who experienced psychological violence, 53.6% were in FI; of those who experienced physical violence, 51.3% were in FI and of those who experienced sexual violence, 41.7% were experiencing FI.
Barnett W, et al.¹⁷	Cross-sectional	South Africa	992 Pregnant Women	U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Short Household Food Security Scale (Adapted version)	Adaptation of the WHO Multinational Study and the Zimbabwe Women’s Health Study	Significant effects of emotional IPV and maternal childhood trauma on prenatal FI were found, after adjusting for community, maternal income, and education. Mothers with emotional IPV or a history of childhood trauma were 60% and 52% more likely, respectively, to live in FI households during pregnancy.
Breiding MJ, et al.²²	Cross-sectional	United States	9.086 Women 7.421 Men	Social Context Module of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.	Telephone survey with questions about the incidence of intimate partner violence (physical, verbal, psychological, and sexual)	Robust associations were found between FI and housing experienced in the previous 12 months and IPV and SV experienced in the previous 12 months for women and men, even after controlling for age, household income, race/ethnicity, education, and marital status.
Conroy AA, et al.²¹	Cohort	United States	2.343 Women with and without HIV	US Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM)	Tailored questionnaire (physical, psychological and sexual violence)	After adjusting for possible confounding factors, the chance of experiencing sexual or physical violence was 3.12 times higher for women with FI and that of experiencing psychological violence was 5.72 times higher for women with very low food security.
Diamond-Smith N, et al.²⁸	Cross-sectional	Nepal	3373 Women	Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)	Self-questionnaire	After adjustment for potential confounding factors related to women’s status: mild FI (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.30-3.54) and severe (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.06-2.77) remained associated with an increased likelihood that a woman would experience emotional IPV. Physical IPV remained associated with mild (OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.80-5.06) and severe (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.52-4.04) FI.
Falb KL, et al.²⁷	Cross-sectional	Syria	240 Women	Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)	Modules of the WHO Multinational Study on Domestic Violence and Women’s Health	In the final adjusted model, any form of recent IPV ( β = 2.25; 95% CI 0.92-3.57; p = 0.001), severe FI ( β = 1.62; 95% CI 0.27-2.96; p = 0.02) and perceived needs ( β = 0.38; 95% CI 0.18-0.57; p = 0.0002) were associated with increased depressive symptoms.
Field S, et al.¹⁸	Quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional	South Africa	376 Pregnant Women	US Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM)	Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2)	Of those who reported IPV, 81% (47/58) of the women reported emotional and verbal abuse, 76% (44/58) reported physical abuse, and 26% (15 / 58) reported sexual abuse. In addition, 46% of individuals testing positive for IPV experienced various forms of abuse. FI was observed in 62% of these women.
Fong S, et al.¹⁵	Cross-sectional	Ivory Coast	68 Women	Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)	Self-questionnaire to assess the incidence of IPV in the last 12 months	Overall, almost a quarter (n = 16; 24%) of the women reported experiencing severe FI and (n = 19; 54 28%)reported experiencing some form of IPV in the previous year. No significant differences in terms of food security classes among the demographics examined.
Hatcher AM, et al.¹⁴	Cross-sectional	Kenya	720 Men and women with HIV	Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)	Modules of the WHO Multinational Study on Domestic Violence and Women’s Health	Participants who reported any partner violence had higher scores on the Domestic FI Scale (21.8) compared to those who reported no violence (21.3, p =0.02). Each categorical change in FI (mild, moderate, severe) was associated with a 41% increased risk of an additional episode of IPV.
Hernandez DC, et al.²⁴	Cohort	United States	1.690 Mothers of young children	U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Domestic Food Security Short Range Scale	Questions that assess physical, sexual, and psychological violence	Households in which mothers experienced IPV had a 22% greater chance of experiencing FI. After controlling for all maternal and household characteristics, the association between IPV and depression was assessed. Mothers who experienced IPV were 44% more likely to experience depression. Sobel’s test indicated that depression fully mediated the relationship between IPV and food insecurity (z = 2.89, p <0.01).
Jansen E, et al.²⁹	Cross-sectional	North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova and Romania	140 Families	Three items on food scarcity and hunger in the family based on the Hunger Scale	Heyman et al. Brief Partner Maltreatment Screening Instrument and Conflict Tactics Scale	31% of families experienced at least one form of hunger in the past month. Worse family functioning, current intimate partner violence, and more cases of child neglect showed univariate associations with family hunger.
Moraes CL, et al.²⁵	Cross-sectional	Brazil	849 Women	Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA)	Brazilian version Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2)	39.4% of families had FI, more than a quarter were classified as moderate or severe FI. Almost three-quarters of the women reported having engaged in at least one episode of psychological violence and approximately one-quarter reported at least one episode of physical assault by an intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the interview.
Ribeiro-Silva Rde C, et al.²⁶	Cross-sectional	Brazil	1.019 Families	Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA)	Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2)	The prevalence of mild physical violence was 9.6% (95% CI 7.8, 11.4%) and severe physical violence was 4.7% (95% CI 3.4, 6.0%) among couples. In the final multivariate model, it was found that couples reporting minor (prevalence ratio = 1 - 23; 95% CI 1 - 12, 1 - 35) and severe (prevalence ratio = 1 - 16; 95% CI 1 - 00, 1 - 34) physical violence were more likely to experience domestic food insecurity compared to those who did not report physical violence.
Ricks JL, et al.²³	Cross-sectional	United States	16.562 Women	U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) - abbreviated	Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2)	The models investigating the association between FI and IPV demonstrate that in both unadjusted and adjusted models, women who reported experiencing FI in the past 12 months reported a higher chance of IPV, after adjusting for demographic factors. Furthermore, the results indicate that this association held even after including common causes of FI and IPV, such as income-based poverty, marital status, and presence of children in the household.
Willie TC, et al.¹⁶	Cross-sectional	Liberia	195 Women	An item from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire	One item from the short form Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and 10 items from the Sexual Experiences Survey	FI differed by education, employment, and relationship status (p <0.05). Women who experienced IPV had a higher chance of FI (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.32, 4.94). Women experiencing IPV (AOR = 6.33, 95% CI = 2.94, 13.62) and FI (AOR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.29, 6.30) were more likely to initiate a new economic support relationship.
Woldetensay YK, et al.²⁰	Cohort	Ethiopia	4680 Pregnant Women	Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)	Tracking scale called “Hurt, Insult, Threaten, and Shout” (HITS)	34.4% of mothers in households with severe FI suffered from depressed mood compared to 4.8% in food secure households (p <0.001). Furthermore, the prevalence was higher among anemic (14.2% versus 9.5% for no anemia) and undernourished (12.4% versus 9.7% for well-nourished, p = 0.005) pregnant women. Prenatal depressive symptomatology was more prevalent among mothers who experienced intimate partner violence (29.7% versus 9.8% for mothers without IPV experience).

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