Garlic Extract Reverses Ischemic Heart Disease in Female Rats Exposed to Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills

Nelson, Onitsha Enebrayi; Simeon, Gborienemi George; Borobuebi, Okutu Jackson; Wankasi, Mie-Ebi Martin; Chukwuma, Ezeiruaku Ferdinand

doi:10.36660/ijcs.20230060

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Int J Cardiovasc Sci 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20230060 linkcopy

Garlic Extract Reverses Ischemic Heart Disease in Female Rats Exposed to Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Background Garlic is an herbal medicinal plant with several pharmacological properties used for the management of various ailments. However, its potential in the reversal of ischemic heart disease induced by combined oral contraceptive pills is not well reported.

Objective This study investigated the cardioprotective potential of aqueous garlic extract against cardiotoxicity induced by oral contraceptive pills.

Methods Forty-six rats were used for this study. Six were used to determine the lethal dose (LD₅₀), and 40 rats were divided randomly into 5 groups of 8 rats each. Group A received feed and distilled water. Group B received 0.6 mg/kg of oral contraceptive pills. Group C received 500 mg/kg of garlic extract. Group D received 0.6 mg/kg of oral contraceptive pills + 500 mg/kg garlic extract. Group E received 0.6 mg/kg of oral contraceptive pills + 700 mg/kg garlic extract. The animals were sacrificed, and blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results The acute toxicity dose of combined oral contraceptive pills was 1.5 mg/kg for albino rats. Combined oral contraceptive pills induced ischemic necrosis as revealed by the photomicrographs, in addition to elevation of serum cardiac troponin-1, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and malondialdehyde levels. Treatment with garlic extract demonstrated significant reduction in cardiac troponin-1 (p = 0.000), lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.002), creatine kinase (p = 0.001), and malondialdehyde (p = 0.001) levels, as well as restoration of the cardiac cytoarchitecture changes caused by the combined oral contraceptive pills.

Conclusion This study has demonstrated that aqueous garlic juice can reverse ischemic heart disease, lessen cytoarchitectural alterations of the heart caused by combined oral contraceptive pills, and thus ameliorate cardiac dysfunction.

Contraceptive Agents; Rats; Garlic; Myocardial Ischemia

Central Illustration
Garlic Extract Reverses Ischemic Heart Disease in Female Rats Exposed to Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills

Effect of aqueous garlic extract on ischemic heart disease induced by combined oral contraceptive pills in female rats COC: combined oral contraceptive.

Weight (g)	Dosage (mg/kg)	Remark
150 g	0.4 mg/kg	No toxicity sign/death
180 g	0.6 mg/kg	No toxicity sign/death
150 g	0.8 mg/kg	No toxicity sign/death
180 g	1.0 mg/kg	No toxicity sign/death
180 g	1.2 mg/kg	Dullness, listlessness, tremor, deep breathing, and no death
150 g	1.5 mg/kg	Dullness, listlessness, tremor, deep breathing, and no death
		respiratory rate, reduced response to stimuli, lachrymation, redness of eye.

Treatments	cTn-1	LDH	CK-MB	MDA
Treatments	(ng/L)	(IU/L)	(IU/L)	(nmol/L)
GRP A	0.11 ± 0.02	48.88 ± 11.53	10.00 ± 1.46	1.20 ± 0.24
GRP B	0.31 ± 0.03	69.36 ± 10.06	13.50± 1.06	2.46±0.66
GRP C	0.10 ± 0.03	47.32 ± 4.77	10.10 ± 0.96	1.06 ± 0.09
GRP D	1.15 ± 0.04	51.04 ± 7.44	9.20 ± 1.15	1.71±0.35
GRP E	0.09 ± 0.02	44.49 ± 5.55	10.30 ± 1.82	1.40 ±0.16
P value	0.000*	0.002*	0.001*	0.001*
F value	21.85	0.58	1.39	9.24

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[TFN1] pP values < 0.05 are considered significant. CK-MB: creatine kinase MB; cTn1: cardiac troponin-1; GRP: group; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde. Group A (control) received feed and water. Group B received 0.6 mg/kg body weight of combined oral contraceptive pills. Group C received 500 mg/kg body weight of aqueous garlic extract. Group D received 0.6 mg/kg combined oral contraceptive pills + 500 mg/kg body weight of aqueous garlic extract. Group E received 0.6 mg/kg combined oral contraceptive pills + 700 mg/kg body weight of aqueous garlic extract. All post hoc testing was conducted using Bonferroni multiple comparison. *Significant difference observed, with p < 0.01. Significant differences were observed for the following: cTn1 concentrations between GRP A and GRP B (p = 0.000); cTn1 concentrations between GRP D and GRP B (p = 0.000); CcTn1 concentrations between GRP E and GRP B (p = 0.000); cTn1 concentrations between GRP D and GRP E (p = 0.046); LDH concentrations between GRP A and GRP B (p = 0.014); LDH concentrations between GRP D and GRP B (p = 0.036); LDH concentrations between GRP E and GRP B (p = 0.003); CK-MB concentrations between GRP A and GRP B (p = 0.007).