Characterization and Biological Activity of Native and Sulfated Noni (<i>Morinda citrifolia</i> Linn.) Pectin

The aim of this work was to extract and characterize pectin from lyophilized noni pulp (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) at three different pHs using different extractor agents and to evaluate anti-viral activity. The extraction of high yield (acid extraction) was subjected to sulfation procedure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magneticresonance analysis were used to calculate the degree of methylation of pectin from acid extraction and its sulfated derivative. The data obtained for the degree of methylation of noni pectin and sulfated pectin were 30.3 and 30.7, respectively. Pectin was subjected to acute oral toxicity testing in mice. The results showed that pectin had a pro-inflammatory effect, and sulfated pectin had an anti-inflammatory effect. Both pectins were also evaluated for herpes simplex virus activity in vitro, and although they successfully inhibited virus replication, the sulfated pectins were cytotoxic.

Keywords:
noni pectin; cytotoxicity; HSV

Authorship

Denilton G. Santos

conceptualization

validation

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455-760 Fortaleza-CE, BrazilUniversidade Federal do CearáBrazilFortaleza, CE, BrazilDepartamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455-760 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

Arcelina P. Cunha

conceptualization

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Ana C. B. Ribeiro

conceptualization

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Débora H. A. Brito

writing-original draft preparation

writing - review and editing

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Luciana M. R. Alenca

formal analysis

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Laboratório de Biofísica e Biosistema, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís-MA, BrazilUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoBrazilSão Luís, MA, BrazilLaboratório de Biofísica e Biosistema, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís-MA, Brazil

Davi F. Farias

methodology

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60440-900 Fortaleza-CE, BrazilUniversidade Federal do CearáBrazilFortaleza, CE, BrazilDepartamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60440-900 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

Ana F. F. U. Carvalho

methodology

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

João A. C. Sousa

methodology

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-170 Fortaleza-CE, BrazilUniversidade Federal do CearáBrazilFortaleza, CE, BrazilDepartamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-170 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

Luzia K. A. M. Leal

investigation

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Nayara Lopes

investigation

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina-PR, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de LondrinaBrazilLondrina, PR, BrazilDepartamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina-PR, Brazil

Rosa E. C. Linhares

investigation

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Carlos Nozawa

investigation

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Antonia F. J. Uchoa

visualization

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Maria E. N. P. Ribeiro

resources

visualization

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6896-7179

Nágila M. P. S. Ricardo ^** e-mail: naricard@ufc.br

conceptualization

resources

writing-original draft preparation

writing - review and editing

supervision

project administration

funding acquisition

read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-5403

* e-mail: naricard@ufc.br

Editor handled this article: Paulo Cezar Vieira

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (4)
Tables (2)
Formulas (4)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Chemical structure of the monomer unit of pectin (a) and expansion of a region of the 1H NMR spectrum (300 MHz, D₂O) of PDN-a sample showing the peak integrals used for DM estimation (b).

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Topographic AFM maps (2 µm scan size) of the PDN-a (a) and PDN-s (b) samples and their respective three-dimensional maps (c, d). The scale bars represent the heights (maximum values) of the structures observed in the images.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Topographic images of the PDN-a (a) and PDN-s (b) samples. The scan has 1 × 1 µm. Adhesion maps (c and d) corresponding to the scan regions shown in (a) and (b). (e) Cross section of the blue dotted line in (a). (f) Cross section of the blue dotted line in image (b). (g) Image corresponding to the region of the green dotted square observed in image (b). (h) Adhesion map corresponding to the detail shown in (c) de-limited by the green dotted square. The blue arrows show globular structures that make up the chains that form the network observed in the PDN-a sample.

Thumbnail

Figure 4
Effects of pectin and sulfated pectin on the release of the myeloperoxidase enzyme in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA (0.1 µM). Hanks: non-treated cells, vehicle: water (control group), INDO (indomethacin, 100 µM). *vs. Hanks (untreated cells) ^#vs. vehicle (positive control). Results represent means ± equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. (p < 0.05; ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test).

Thumbnail

Table 1
The percentage of yield from different pH values during extraction

Thumbnail

Table 2
Elemental analysis for pectin (PDN-a) and sulfated pectin (PDN-s)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Figure 1 Chemical structure of the monomer unit of pectin (a) and expansion of a region of the 1H NMR spectrum (300 MHz, D₂O) of PDN-a sample showing the peak integrals used for DM estimation (b).

Figure 2 Topographic AFM maps (2 µm scan size) of the PDN-a (a) and PDN-s (b) samples and their respective three-dimensional maps (c, d). The scale bars represent the heights (maximum values) of the structures observed in the images.

Figure 3 Topographic images of the PDN-a (a) and PDN-s (b) samples. The scan has 1 × 1 µm. Adhesion maps (c and d) corresponding to the scan regions shown in (a) and (b). (e) Cross section of the blue dotted line in (a). (f) Cross section of the blue dotted line in image (b). (g) Image corresponding to the region of the green dotted square observed in image (b). (h) Adhesion map corresponding to the detail shown in (c) de-limited by the green dotted square. The blue arrows show globular structures that make up the chains that form the network observed in the PDN-a sample.

Figure 4 Effects of pectin and sulfated pectin on the release of the myeloperoxidase enzyme in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA (0.1 µM). Hanks: non-treated cells, vehicle: water (control group), INDO (indomethacin, 100 µM). *vs. Hanks (untreated cells) ^#vs. vehicle (positive control). Results represent means ± equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. (p < 0.05; ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test).

Table 1 The percentage of yield from different pH values during extraction

Pectin	Mass / g	Yield / %
PDN-a	3.8789	19.39
PDN-n	2.9681	14.84
PDN-b	2.4582	12.29

Table 2 Elemental analysis for pectin (PDN-a) and sulfated pectin (PDN-s)

Sample	Carbon / %	Sulfur / %	Nitrogen / %	Hydrogen / %
PDN-a	30.11	Trace	6.35	5.50
PDN-s	9.46	9.72	0.66	2.40

(1)

DM = \frac{I_{{COOCH}_{3}} + I_{H - 2}}{I_{H - 3}}

(2)

DS = [162 \times (% S / 32)] / {100 - [(80 / 32) \times) % S)]}

(3)

A = [\frac{(A_{1} - A_{2})}{2}] \times 1746.03

(4)

DS = \frac{1.62 \times S %}{32 - (1.02 \times S %)}

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Métricas

Characterization and Biological Activity of Native and Sulfated Noni (<i>Morinda citrifolia</i> Linn.) Pectin

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[1] * e-mail: naricard@ufc.br