Cadmium and Tin Magnetic Nanocatalysts Useful for Biodiesel Production

Alves, Melquizedeque B.; Medeiros, Fernando C. M.; Sousa, Marcelo H.; Rubim, Joel C.; Suarez, Paulo A. Z.

doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20140238

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Articles • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 25 (12) • Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140238 copy

Cadmium and Tin Magnetic Nanocatalysts Useful for Biodiesel Production

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Magnetic mixed iron/cadmium (ICdO) and iron/tin (ISnO) oxide nanoparticles were used as catalysts in relevant reactions for biodiesel production technologies. These compounds were active for hydrolysis and transesterification of soybean oil as well as esterification of soybean oil fatty acids. In the esterification assisted by ISnO high yields, ca. 84%, were achieved, after 1 h reaction at 200 ºC. The oxide was magnetically recovered and reused four times without loss in its activity, while a loss of activity was observed for ICdO catalyst. ISnO also demonstrated catalytic activity for macauba oil, a highly acidic substrate.

ferrites; biodiesel; hydrolysis; esterification; transesterification

		Before reaction		After reaction
		Before reaction	Transesterification	Esterification	Hydrolysis
ICdO	Catalyst recovered^a a Percentage (m/m) of catalyst recovered after the fourth recycle; / %	-	79	71	74
	Molar (Fe/Cd) ratio^b b determined by ICP-AES;	3.7	10.1	50.3	67.0
	d_XR^c c note that these results may be not precise because of the relatively low resolution of the spectra. / nm	3.5	7.9	13.7	20.9
	a / Å	8.37	8,41	8.39	8.40
ISnO	Catalyst recovered^a a Percentage (m/m) of catalyst recovered after the fourth recycle; / %	-	87	90	89
	Molar (Fe/Sn) ratio^b b determined by ICP-AES;	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.4
	d_XR^c c note that these results may be not precise because of the relatively low resolution of the spectra. / nm	34.8	36.2	34.7	33.3
	a /Å	8.38	8.45	8.44	8.42

	Surface area^a a Multipoint Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). / (m² g^-1)	Total pore volume / (cm³ g^-1)	Average pore radius / nm
ICdO	130.2	0.206	3.169
ISnO	49.9	0.0968	3.883

Solids used as catalytic precursor	Recycle No.	Transesterification		Esterification		Hydrolysis
Solids used as catalytic precursor	Recycle No.	M²⁺ / ppm	Iron / ppm	M²⁺ / ppm	Iron / ppm	M²⁺ / ppm	Iron / ppm
ICdO	0	4831^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	893	4570^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	276	4580^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	354
	1	354^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	90	829^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	43	402^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	129
	2	139^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	57	259^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	14	67^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	110
	3	79^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	21	135^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	24	46^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	72
	4	60^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	5	85^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	6	54^a a ppm of cadmium, determined by ICP-AES;	10
ISnO	0	15^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	4	20^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	7	16^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	6
	1	5^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	3	7^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	6	5^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	5
	2	4^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	1	3^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES; ,^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.
	3	3^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	2^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES;	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES; ,^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.
	4	0^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES; ,^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES; ,^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^b b ppm of tin, determined by ICP-AES; ,^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.	0^c c below the limit of quantification (LOQ). LOQCd = 0.00972 ppm; LOQSn = 1.53 ppm; LOQFe = 0.0277 ppm.

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