Association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and social isolation in adolescents

Santos, Simone José dos; Hardman, Carla Menêses; Barros, Simone Storino Honda; Santos, Carolina da Franca Bandeira Ferreira; Barros, Mauro Virgilio Gomes de

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2015.01.008

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• J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 91 (6) • Nov-Dec 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2015.01.008 copy

Association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and social isolation in adolescents^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Santos SJ, Hardman CM, Barros SS, Santos da Franca C., Barros MV. Association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and social isolation in adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015;91:543-50. ^☆☆ ☆☆ Study associated to the activities of the Life Style and Health Research Group, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

To analyze the association between physical activity, participation in Physical Education classes, and indicators of social isolation among adolescents.

Methods

This was an epidemiological study based on secondary analysis of data from a representative sample of students (14-19 years) from public high schools (n = 4,207). Data were collected through the questionnaire Global School-based Student Health Survey. The independent variables were the level of physical activity and enrollment in Physical Education classes, while the dependent variables were two indicators of social isolation (feeling of loneliness and having few friends). Descriptive and inferential procedures were used in the statistical analysis.

Results

Most of the adolescents were classified as insufficiently active (65.1%) and reported not attending Physical Education classes (64.9%). Approximately two in each ten participants reported feeling of loneliness (15.8%) and, in addition, about one in each five adolescents reported have only one friend (19.5%). In the bivariate analysis, a significantly lower proportion of individuals reporting social isolation was observed among adolescents who referred higher enrollment in Physical Education classes. After adjustment for confounding variables, binary logistic regression showed that attending Physical Education classes was identified as a protective factor in relation to the indicator of social isolation 'having few friends,' but only for girls.

Conclusions

It was concluded that participation in Physical Education classes is associated with reduced social isolation among female adolescents.

KEYWORDS
Social isolation; Friends; Physical activity; Physical Education; Adolescent

Variable	Boys		Girls		p
	%	n	%	n
Age range (years)
14 to 16	35.4	598	46.4	1,165	<0.001^a a Chi-squared test for heterogeneity.
17 to 19	64.6	1,089	53.6	1,346

Area of residence
Urban	78.1	1,311	79.5	1,983	0.289^a a Chi-squared test for heterogeneity.
Rural	21.9	367	20.5	510

Ethnicity
Caucasian (a)	24.8	417	25.5	639	0.649^a b Chi-squared test for trend.
Non-caucasian (a)	75.2	1,262	74.5	1,866

Maternal educational level (years of schooling)
≤8	69.4	1,086	74.5	1,771
9–11	22.5	352	20.2	480	<0.001^b b Chi-squared test for trend.
≥12	8.1	127	5.3	126

School shift
Daytime (morning/afternoon)	53.9	908	60.0	1,506	<0.001^a b Chi-squared test for trend.
Nighttime	46.1	778	40.0	1,002

Excess weight
Yes	8.9	147	10.4	253	0.148^a a Chi-squared test for heterogeneity.
No	91.1	1,497	89.6	2,188

Physical activity level
Active	42.3	713	29.8	745
Insufficiently active	57.7	971	70.2	1,754	<0.001^a a Chi-squared test for heterogeneity.

Participation in Physical Education classes
Yes	39.5	664	32.2	805
No	60.5	1,018	67.8	1,695	<0.001^a a Chi-squared test for heterogeneity.

Group	Independent variables	Categories	%	n	p
Boys		Outcome: feelings of loneliness (most of the time or always)
	Physical activity level	Insufficiently active	11.9	115	0.567
		Active	10.8	77
	Participation in Physical Education classes	No	12.0	122	0.348
		Yes	10.4	69
		Outcome: having few friends (0–1 friends)
	Physical activity level	Insufficiently active	19.1	185	0.187
		Active	16.4	117
	Participation in Physical Education classes	No	20.3	207	0.001^a a p < 0.05.
		Yes	14.0	93
Girls		Outcome: feelings of loneliness (most of the time or always)
	Physical activity level	Insufficiently active	18.7	328	0.913
		Active	18.4	137
	Participation in Physical Education classes	No	20.1	340	0.012^a a p < 0.05.
		Yes	15.8	127
		Outcome: having few friends (0–1 friends)
	Physical activity level	Insufficiently active	21.0	368	0.306
		Active	19.1	142
	Participation in Physical Education classes	No	22.0	373	0.006^a a p < 0.05.
		Yes	17.2	138

Group	Independent variables	Categories	Crude OR	p	Adjusted OR^a a Adjusted for ethnicity, age, maternal education, area of residence, school shift, and excess weight.	p
Boys		Outcome: feelings of loneliness (most of the time or always)
(n = 1,687)	Physical activity level^b b Also adjusted for physical activity level.	Insufficiently active	1		1
		Active	1.11 (0.81–1.50)	0.515	0.87 (0.63–1.21)	0.411
	Participation in Physical Education classes^c c Also adjusted for participation in Physical Education classes.	No	1		1
		Yes	0.85 (0.62–1.16)	0.310	0.80 (0.57–1.13)	0.212

		Outcome: having few friends (0–1 friends)
	Physical activity level^b b Also adjusted for physical activity level.	Insufficiently active	1		1
		Active	0.84 (0.65–1.08)	0.167	0.85 (0.64–1.11)	0.237
	Participation in Physical Education classes^c c Also adjusted for participation in Physical Education classes.	No	1		1
		Yes	0.64 (0.49–0.83)	0.001	0.75 (0.56–1.01)	0.055

Girls		Outcome: feelings of loneliness (most of the time or always)
(n = 2,511)	Physical activity level^b b Also adjusted for physical activity level.	Insufficiently active	1		1
		Active	1.02 (0.82–1.27)	0.868	0.99 (0.78–1.25)	0.918
	Participation in Physical Education classes^c c Also adjusted for participation in Physical Education classes.	No	1		1
		Yes	0.75 (0.60–0.93)	0.010	0.80 (0.62–1.02)	0.077

		Outcome: having few friends (0–1 friends)
	Physical activity level^b b Also adjusted for physical activity level.	Insufficiently active	1		1
		Active	0.89 (0.71–1.10)	0.281	0.91 (0.72–1.14)	0.414
	Participation in Physical Education classes^c c Also adjusted for participation in Physical Education classes.	No	1		1
		Yes	0.73 (0.59–0.91)	0.005	0.76 (0.60–0.97)	0.025^d d p < 0.05.

Variável	Rapazes		Moças		p
	%	n	%	n
Faixa etária (anos)
14 a 16	35,4	598	46,4	1.165	<0,001^a a Teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade.
17 a 19	64,6	1.089	53,6	1.346
Local de residência
Urbana	78,1	1.311	79,5	1.983	0,289 ^a a Teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade.
Rural	21,9	367	20,5	510
Cor da pele
Branco (a)	24,8	417	25,5	639	0,649 ^a a Teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade.
Não branco (a)	75,2	1.262	74,5	1.866
Escolaridade materna (anos de estudo)
≤8	69,4	1.086	74,5	1.771
9-11	22,5	352	20,2	480	<0,001^b b Teste de Qui-quadrado para tendência.
≥12	8,1	127	5,3	126
Turno escolar
Diurno (manhã/tarde)	53,9	908	60,0	1.506	<0,001^a a Teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade.
Noturno	46,1	778	40,0	1.002
Excesso de peso
Sim	8,9	147	10,4	253	0,148 ^a a Teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade.
Não	91,1	1.497	89,6	2.188
Nível de atividade física
Ativo	42,3	713	29,8	745
Insuficientemente ativo	57,7	971	70,2	1.754	<0,001^a a Teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade.
Participação nas aulas de Educação Física
Sim	39,5	664	32,2	805	<0,001^a a Teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade.
Não	60,5	1.018	67,8	1.695

Grupo	Variáveis independentes	Categorias	OR bruto	p	OR ajustado ^a a Ajustamento para a variáveis cor da pele, faixa etária, escolaridade materna, local de residência, turno escolar e excesso de peso.	P
Rapazes		Desfecho: sentimento de solidão (a maioria das vezes ou sempre)
(n = 1.687)	Nível de atividade física^b b Ajustamento também para nível de atividade física.	Insuficientemente ativo	1		1
		Ativo	1,11 (0,81-1,50)	0,515	0,87 (0,63-1,21)	0,411
	Participação nas aulas de Educação Física^c c Ajustamento também para participação nas aulas de Educação Física.	Não	1		1
		Sim	0,85 (0,62-1,16)	0,310	0,80 (0,57-1,13)	0,212
		Desfecho: ter poucos amigos (0-1 amigos)
	Nível de atividade física^b b Ajustamento também para nível de atividade física.	Insuficientemente ativo	1		1
		Ativo	0,84 (0,65-1,08)	0,167	0,85 (0,64-1,11)	0,237
	Participação nas aulas de Educação Física^c c Ajustamento também para participação nas aulas de Educação Física.	Não	1		1
		Sim	0,64 (0,49-0,83)	0,001	0,75 (0,56-1,01)	0,055
Moças		Desfecho: sentimento de solidão (a maioria das vezes ou sempre)
(n = 2.511)	Nível de atividade física^b b Ajustamento também para nível de atividade física.	Insuficientemente ativo	1		1
		Ativo	1,02 (0,82-1,27)	0,868	0,99 (0,78-1,25)	0,918
	Participação nas aulas de Educação Física^c c Ajustamento também para participação nas aulas de Educação Física.	Não	1		1
		Sim	0,75 (0,60-0,93)	0,010	0,80 (0,62-1,02)	0,077
		Desfecho: ter poucos amigos (0-1 amigos)
	Nível de atividade física^b b Ajustamento também para nível de atividade física.	Insuficientemente ativo	1		1
		Ativo	0,89 (0,71-1,10)	0,281	0,91 (0,72-1,14)	0,414
	Participação nas aulas de Educação Física^c c Ajustamento também para participação nas aulas de Educação Física.	Não	1		1
		Sim	0,73 (0,59-0,91)	0,005	0,76 (0,60-0,97)	0,025^d d p < 0,05.

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail: simonesantosbr@gmail.com (S.J. dos Santos).