Digital phenotyping for robust seeds variability assessment in <i>Setaria italica</i> (L.) P. Beauv.

Jannah, Rika Miftakhul; Ratnawati, Sri; Suwarno, Willy Bayuardi; Ardie, Sintho Wahyuning

doi:10.1590/2317-1545v46281586

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ARTICLE • J. Seed Sci. 46 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v46281586 copy

Digital phenotyping for robust seeds variability assessment in Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is a cereal crop with potential as a functional food due to its high nutritional value and its wide adaptability to unfavorable environmental conditions. Seed-related traits of foxtail millet are difficult to observe due to its small size. Therefore, the development of an efficient and accurate method for characterizing foxtail millet seeds using digital imaging technology is essential. This study aimed to characterize the seed morphology for variability assessment of Indonesian local foxtail millet genotypes and to develop a model to estimate the 100-seed weight using ImageJ. A total of 28 Indonesian local foxtail millet genotypes were used in this study for seed morphology characterization and the development of the 100-seed weight estimation model. Foxtail millet genotypes from different regions in Indonesia exhibited diverse seed morphologies. The 100-seed weight estimation model (y = 0.123x - 0.0821 (R² = 0.9223)) demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.96, p < 0.01) between the predicted and actual 100-seed weights. The correlation coefficient from model validation was 0.8731 (p < 0.01), indicating that the obtained model could estimate the 100-seed weight of foxtail millet seeds in future studies.

Index terms:
100-seed weight; foxtail millet; ImageJ; local genotype; model; seed morphology

ABRATES - Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes Av. Juscelino Kubitschek, 1400 - 3° Andar, sala 31 - Centro,, CEP 86020-000 Londrina/PR - Londrina - PR - Brazil
E-mail: jss@abrates.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author
sintho_wa@apps.ipb.ac.id

Variable	Definition
Area	Seed area
Perimeter	The length of the outside boundary of the selection
Width	Seed width (Minor axis)
Height	Seed length (Major axis)
Circularity	The ratio of area to a measured perimeter as: $C i r . = 4 π x \frac{A r e a}{{P e r i m e t e r}^{2}}$ A value of 1.0 showed a perfect circle Value approaches 0.0: increasingly elongated polygon
Aspect ratio (AR)	The proportional relationship between its height and its width = $\frac{H e i g h t}{W i d t h}$
Round	Seed roundness rate = $\frac{4 x A r e a}{{π x H e i g h t}^{2}}$ A value of 1.0 showed a perfect circle Value approaches 0.0: more oval shape
Solidity	The texture of the seed surface $\frac{A r e a}{C o n v e x a r e a}$

Seed characteristics	Area	Weight^[1]	Perimeter	Width	Height	Circularity	Aspect ratio	Roundness
Weight^[1]	0.96^**
Perimeter	0.93^**	0.90^**
Width	0.94^**	0.89^**	0.92^**
Height	0.97^**	0.94^**	0.97^**	0.91^**
Circularity	-0.20^ns	-0.20^ns	-0.52^*	-0.29^ns	-0.37^ns
Aspect ratio	-0.22^ns	-0.27^ns	-0.28^ns	-0.07^ns	0.34^ns	-0.22^ns
Round	-0.16^ns	0.17^ns	0.39^*	-0.17^ns	-0.39^*	0.78**	-0.53^*
Solidity	0.22^ns	0.19^ns	-0.13^ns	0.09^ns	0.05^ns	0.90^**	-0.08^ns	0.65^**

Foxtail millet genotype	Area (mm²)	Perimeter (mm)	Height (mm)	Width (mm)	Circularity	Aspect ratio	Roundness	Solidity
Botok-2	1.66^i-m	5.03^g-j	1.62^e-h	1.45^klm	0.83^d-g	1.12^b	0.80^k-n	0.93^b-h
Botok-4	1.52^mn	4.79^j	1.50^lmn	1.41^m	0.85^a-g	1.06^b-f	0.86^e-i	0.92^d-h
Botok-6	1.74^ij	5.97^b	1.69^def	1.59^f-i	0.65^j	1.06^b-f	0.78ⁿ	0.88^j
Botok-7	1.52^mn	4.82^ij	1.53^k-n	1.41^m	0.83^d-g	1.08^b-f	0.83^h-m	0.92^fgh
Botok-8	1.68^i-l	5.46^de	1.62^e-h	1.52^h-l	0.74ⁱ	1.07^b-f	0.81^j-n	0.90ⁱ
Botok-10	1.66^i-m	5.41^d-g	1.63^e-h	1.50^i-m	0.73ⁱ	1.09^bc	0.79^lmn	0.90ⁱ
Botok-15	1.71^ij	5.04^f-j	1.57^h-l	1.50^h-m	0.84^a-g	1.04^cdef	0.89^b-g	0.93^a-g
Botok-19	1.64^j-n	4.98^hij	1.55^i-m	1.50^h-m	0.84^a-g	1.03^ef	0.87^c-h	0.93^b-h
Botok-20	1.79^hi	5.20^e-i	1.60^g-j	1.56^g-j	0.84^b-g	1.03^ef	0.89^c-g	0.93^c-h
ICERI-1	2.98^a	6.84^a	2.15^a	1.99^a	0.82^gh	1.08^b-e	0.82^i-n	0.94^ab
ICERI-2	2.24^cd	5.91^bc	1.83^c	1.72^de	0.82^fgh	1.06^b-f	0.85^g-k	0.92^c-h
ICERI-4	2.36^c	5.97^b	1.86^c	1.78^cd	0.84^b-g	1.04^c-f	0.87^c-h	0.93^a-d
ICERI-5	2.73^b	6.78^a	2.11^a	1.93^ab	0.76^hi	1.09^bc	0.78^mn	0.92^fgh
ICERI-6	2.66^b	6.74^a	1.95^b	1.87^bc	0.75ⁱ	1.04^c-f	0.89^b-g	0.92^h
ICERI-7	2.25^cd	5.85^bc	1.84^c	1.45^klm	0.86^c-g	1.28^a	0.84^g-l	0.93^a-f
ICERI-9	2.28^c	5.97^b	1.84^c	1.70^de	0.82^efg	1.09^bcd	0.86^f-j	0.93^b-h
ICERI-10	1.51ⁿ	4.68^j	1.49^mn	1.42^lm	0.87^a-e	1.05^c-f	0.87^d-i	0.93^b-h
Belitung	1.54^lmn	4.82^ij	1.48^mn	1.43^lm	0.85^a-g	1.03^def	0.90^a-f	0.92^e-h
Bima	2.08^ef	5.52^cde	1.70^de	1.65^efg	0.86^a-f	1.03^ef	0.92^abc	0.93^a-d
Buru	2.12^de	5.64^bcd	1.72^d	1.69^def	0.85^a-g	1.02^f	0.91^a-e	0.93^a-e
Hambapraing	1.69^ijk	4.94^hij	1.53^k-n	1.48^j-m	0.88^abc	1.03^def	0.92^abc	0.93^abc
Labapu-2	1.90^gh	5.44^de	1.65^d-g	1.60^fgh	0.81^fgh	1.03^def	0.89^c-g	0.92^h
Mauliru-2	1.78^hij	5.18^e-i	1.58^g-k	1.54^h-k	0.85^a-g	1.03^def	0.91^a-f	0.93^c-h
NTB-1	1.91^gh	5.44^def	1.65^d-g	1.60^f-i	0.83^d-g	1.04^c-f	0.89^b-g	0.92^gh
Padang	1.55^k-n	4.70^j	1.47ⁿ	1.41^m	0.88^a-d	1.04^c-f	0.92^a-d	0.93^a-e
Sanc Loe Nagekeo	1.94^fg	5.23^e-h	1.62^f-i	1.58^ghi	0.89^a	1.02^ef	0.94^a	0.94^a
Toraja	1.65^i-n	4.97^hij	1.53^j-n	1.48^j-m	0.85^a-g	1.04^c-f	0.89^a-g	0.93^b-h
Wete Nagekeo	1.94^efg	5.28^d-h	1.64^e-h	1.59^f-i	0.89^ab	1.03^ef	0.94^ab	0.94^a
CV(%)	20.08	11.07	10.38	9.86	6.37	4.66	5.35	1.44