Assessment of <i>Culex pipiens</i> bioforms in the world’s southernmost distribution limit

The mosquito Culex pipiens s.s. L. occurs as two bioforms that differ in physiology and behaviour affecting virus transmission cycles. To assess the occurrence of Cx. pipiens bioforms in the southernmost limit of its distribution, specimens were collected aboveground in southern Buenos Aires Province and east Patagonia, Argentina. Ten larvae and 25 adults were individually processed and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of Ace-2 and CQ11 loci. Culex quinquefasciatus Say (one larva, two adults), Cx. pipiens f. molestus (one larva, one adult) and one adult of hybrid origin were identified in Buenos Aires Province; only Cx. pipiens f. molestus was recorded in Patagonia (eight larvae, 21 adults). The potential absence of bioform pipiens and its implications in arbovirus enzootic cycles is discussed.

Key words:
aboveground; Culex pipiens molestus; distribution; Patagonia; St. Louis encephalitis; West Nile virus

Authorship

María Victoria Cardo ⁺+ Corresponding author: mcardo@unsam.edu.ar

Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasArgentinaSan Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasArgentinaBuenos Aires, ArgentinaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-2208

Alejandra Rubio

Darío Vezzani

Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaTandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Aníbal Eduardo Carbajo

+ Corresponding author: mcardo@unsam.edu.ar

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by MVC, AR and AEC; molecular identification was conducted by MVC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by MVC and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have a full-time position at CONICET.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (1)

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Occurrence of the members of the Culex pipiens complex in southeast Argentina. Letters indicate sampling locations, see Table for details.

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TABLE
Members of the Culex pipiens complex by sampling site, date and land use

Occurrence of the members of the Culex pipiens complex in southeast Argentina. Letters indicate sampling locations, see Table for details.

TABLE Members of the Culex pipiens complex by sampling site, date and land use

Location	Site	Locality (Province)	Date	Land use	Larvae	Adults	ID (n)
A	1	Tapalqué (BA)	31-Mar-2018	Public toilet		+	P (1)
A	2	Tapalqué (BA)	31-Mar-2018	Public toilet		+	H (1)
B	4	Coronel Pringles (BA)	25-Jan-2019	Tire repair shop	++		P (1)
C	6	Bahía Blanca (BA)	25-Jan-2019	Tire repair shop		++	Q (2)
D	10	Médanos (BA)	25-Jan-2019	Tire repair shop	+		Q (1)
E	11	La Adela (LP)^a	25-Jan-2019	Public toilet		+	P (1)
E	12	Río Colorado (RN)	25-Jan-2019	Camping at river margin		+++	P (2)
E	13	Río Colorado (RN)	25-Jan-2019	Tire repair shop	++		P (2)
G	18	San Antonio Oeste (RN)	24-Jan-2019	Tire repair shop	++		P (2)
H	21	Sierra Grande (RN)	31-Mar-2018	Public toilet		+	P (1)
H	22	Sierra Grande (RN)	24-Jan-2019	Public toilet		+	P (2)
I	24	Punta Norte (CH)	30-Mar-2018	Public toilet		+	P (1)
J	25	Puerto Pirámides (CH)	30-Mar-2018	Public toilet		+	P (1)
K	28	Puerto Madryn (CH)	24-Jan-2019	Cemetery	++	+	P (7)
L	33	Trelew (CH)	24-Jan-2019	Public toilet		+	P (1)
M	35	Gaiman (CH)	24-Jan-2019	River margin		+++	P (8)
P	41	Comodoro Rivadavia (CH)^b	23-Jan-2019	Cemetery		+	P (1)

Location letters correspond to those in Figure. In column ID (for identification), P, Q and H indicate Cx. pipiens f. molestus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and the hybrid between the two, respectively; the number of identified specimens is reported between brackets (n). Province code: BA: Buenos Aires; LP: La Pampa; RN: Rio Negro; CH: Chubut; SC: Santa Cruz. Relative abundance of larvae and adults: + low, ++ intermediate, +++ high. a: La Adela is next to Río Colorado just across the Colorado River; b: 1 female was sequenced. The number of negative sites in each location were: Location B: one public toilet; C: two public toilets; D: two public toilets, one tire repair shop; E: one public toilet; F: two public toilets, one river margin; G: two public toilets; H: one tire repair shop; K: three public toilets; L: two public toilets, one river margin; M: one cemetery; N: one public toilet; O: two public toilets; P: three public toilets, two tire repair shops; Q: two public toilets, one cemetery; R: two public toilets, one tire repair shop; S: one river margin.

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[1] + Corresponding author: mcardo@unsam.edu.ar