A multi-resistant strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from a tropical estuary in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Genome sequencing was conducted to establish the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in this organism. The genetic content of this strain revealed it to be a non-virulent lineage that nevertheless possesses several antibiotic resistance determinants.
Key words:
Vibrio parahaemolyticus; antibiotic resistance; urban lagoon; multi-drug resistance
| Antibiotic | Class | MIC (μg/mL) | Phenotype |
| Ceftriaxone | Beta-Lactam | 8 | Susceptible |
| Meropenem | Aminoglycoside | 4 | Susceptible |
| Amikacin | Aminoglycoside | 16 | Susceptible |
| Gentamicin | Aminoglycoside | 2 | Susceptible |
| Ciprofloxacin | Ciprofloxacin | < = 0.25 | Susceptible |
| Tigecycline | Glycycycline | < = 0.5 | Susceptible |
| Piperacillin/Tazobactam | Beta-Lactam | 64 | Intermediate |
| Imipenem | Beta-Lactam | 8 | Intermediate |
| Ampicillin | Beta-Lactam | > = 32 | Resistant |
| Ampicillin/Sulbactam | Beta-Lactam | > = 32 | Resistant |
| Cefuroxime | Beta-Lactam | > = 64 | Resistant |
| Cefuroxime Axetil | Beta-Lactam | > = 64 | Resistant |
| Cefoxitin | Beta-Lactam | > = 64 | Resistant |
| Ceftazidime | Beta-Lactam | 32 | Resistant |
| Cefepime | Beta-Lactam | > = 64 | Resistant |
| Colistin | Polymyxin | 4 | Resistant |
| Protein | Gene | Antibiotic | Resistance mechanism |
| Multidrug export protein AcrE precursor | acrE | Fluoroquinolones,Beta-Lactams | Efflux |
| Aminoglycoside-3'-phosphotrasnsferase | APH(3'')-Ib | Amynoglicosides | Antibiotic inactivation |
| Beta-lactamase precursor | CARB-18 | Beta-Lactams | Antibiotic inactivation |
| Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase | catB8 | Phenicols | Antibiotic inactivation |
| cAMP-activated global transcriptional regulator CRP | CRP | Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones, Beta-Lactams | Regulation of efflux |
| Dihydrofolate reductase type 3 | dfrA3 | Trimpethoprim | Target replacement |
| DNA-binding protein H-NS | H-NS | Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones, Beta-Lactams | Regulation of efflux |
| Macrolide export protein MacA | macA | Macrolides | Efflux |
| Macrolide export ATP-binding/permease protein MacB | macB | Macrolides | Efflux |
| Multidrug resistance protein NorM | mdtK | Fluoroquinolones | Efflux |
| Efflux pump membrane transporter BepE | mexI | Fluoroquinolones | Efflux |
| Phosphate regulon transcriptional regulatory protein PhoB | PhoB | Multiple | Regulation of efflux |
| Sensor histidine kinase TodS | TodS | Multiple | Regulation of efflux |
| Lipid A export ATP-binding/permease protein MsbA | MsbA | Novobiocin | Efflux |
| GTP-binding protein TypA/BipA | otrA | Oxytetracycline | Target protection protein |
| UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase | PmrE | Polymixin | Target alteration |
| Hypothetical protein | QnrC | Quinolones | Target protection protein |
| Secreted effector protein pipB2 | QnrVC5 | Quinolones | Target protection protein |
| Putative multidrug export ATP-binding/permease protein | sav1866 | Multiple | Efflux |
| Elongation factor G 1 | tet32 | Tetracyclines | Target protection protein |
| Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase | tet34 | Tetracycline | Efflux |
| Malate-2H(+)/Na(+)-lactate antiporter | tet35 | Tetracycline | Efflux |
| Elongation factor G | tetW | Tetracyclines | Target protection protein |
| Outer membrane protein TolC precursor | tolC | Multiple | Efflux |
| Putative ABC transporter ATP-binding protein YjjK | vgaE | Streptogramin | Efflux |
