Cross-sectional entomological monitoring combined with professional qualifications in transition areas for yellow fever and autochthonous malaria in the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Moreira, Claulimara Lopes; dos Reis, Izabel Cristina; Câmara, Daniel Cardoso Portela; Ayllón, Tania; Machado, Mariana Dionizio; Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho Cardoso; dos Santos, Jefferson Pereira Caldas; Burkett-Cadena, Nathan; Honório, Nildimar Alves

doi:10.1590/0074-02760240139

Abstract

BACKGROUND The Atlantic Forest harbours a rich mosquito assemblage, including vectors for diverse arbovirus. Mosquito species adapt to urban-forest landscape changes, acting as bridge vectors for pathogens.

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated different collection methods for immature and adult mosquitoes combined with improving field personnel qualifications in a transition area between urbanised and sylvatic environments.

METHODS Immature and adult mosquitoes were collected from 33 collection points established in urban and peri-urban, sylvatic and transitional areas using different capture methods. During the course, 107 professionals were qualified.

FINDINGS Vectors (Anophelinae and Culicinae) were dominant in the urban/peri-urban environment (51.49%), followed by the transitional (26.69%) and sylvatic (21.82%) environments. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), Ae. (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Rondani), Ae. (Stg.) aegypti (Linnaeus), Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon), undetermined Culex, Cx. (Melanoconion) pilosus (Dyar and Knab), Cx. (Carrollia) urichii (Coquillett), and Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald were most abundant, with Ae. albopictus collected from all ecotopes. Ovitrap provided a robust sample of the immature stages (92.8%), whereas other methods contributed 3.59% of total immatures, but greatest species richness (14 species). For adult mosquitoes, Shannon light trap resulted in greatest abundance (86.16%).

MAIN CONCLUSIONS The use of varied sampling techniques led to collection of a high mosquito species richness, which, combined with programs for training local professionals, should be an integral part of health surveillance for monitoring the risk of vector-borne diseases.

Key word:
entomological surveillance; vector-borne-diseases; Culicidae; Atlantic Forest; professional qualifications

[TFN1] *“Active larval search conducted using pipettes and bromeliad suckers, and adult active search included Castro capturer”; modified ovitraps were used at Pq. Atalaia, Cabeceira do Sana, and Vale do Peito do Pombo.

	Larval stage collection methods						Adult stage collection methods
Locality	Coll. point	Ovitrap	Bamboo trap	Monkey pot trap	Active search	Entomological shell	Active search (Castro capturer)	Aspiration	CDC	Shannon
Aroreira	1
	2
	3
	4
	5
	6
	7
	8
	9
	10
Horto	11
	12
	13
	14
	15
	16
	17
	18
	19
	20
Pq. Atalaia	21A
	21B
	21
	22
	23
	24
	25
Cabeceira do Sana	26
Cabeceira do Sana	27
Arraial do Sana	28
	31
	32
Vale do Peito do Pombo	29

Subject	Content topics	Workload (hours)
Challenges of the epidemiological and entomological scenario of arboviruses in Brazil	Arboviruses and emerging and re-emerging diseases; Contributions of medical entomology to the field; Interactions and the factors that influence vector spatial and temporal dynamics.	1
Understanding medical entomology and the ecology of its vectors	Introduction to medical entomology; Order Diptera and family Culicidae; Subfamily Culicinae: genera Aedes, Haemagogus and Sabethes; Subfamily Anophelinae: genus Anopheles and subgenera Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia.	3
Introduction to the taxonomy of Culicidae	Main morphological characters for the identification of adult mosquitoes; Practice in morphological observation of larvae and adult mosquitoes.	2,5
Presentation of various methods of collecting and capturing mosquito vectors - “Sharing Booth”	Presentation of the main collection methods for immature and adult forms of sylvatic mosquitoes, Aedes and Anopheles; Practice in the use of the main methods of collection and capture of sylvatic mosquitoes, Aedes and Anopheles.	2
Integrated approach for entomo-virological surveillance in arbovirus endemic areas for arboviruses: viral detection	Introduction to entomovirological surveillance; Viral detection in adult mosquitoes; Molecular analysis.	1
Geoprocessing and its importance	Introduction to geoprocessing; Mapping and monitoring; Practice: installation of ovitraps and use of GPS.	3,5
Dialogue and exchange of experience with the endemic disease control agents	Presentation of the participants - What do you expect from the course? Presentation and discussion about the master’s degree project; Discussion about work routine, experience and challenges; Evaluation of the course.	7

	Larval stage					Adult stage
Taxonomic category	Ovitrap	Bamboo trap	Sapucaia trap	Active search	Entomological shell	Active search (Castro capturer)	Aspiration	CDC	Shannon	Total	%
Aedes (Och.) scapularis						1	2		386	389	15,27
Aedes (Och.) taeniorhynchus							5			5	0,20
Aedes (Och.) terrens	41					1			3	45	1,77
Aedes (Stg.) aegypti	350						4			354	13,89
Aedes (Stg.) albopictus	1146			2		6				1154	45,29
Anopheles (Ano.) fluminensis									1	1	0,04
Anopheles (Nys.) albitarsis s.l.					2					2	0,08
Anopheles (Ker.) cruzii					1					1	0,04
Anopheles (Nys.) evansae					1					1	0,04
Anopheles sp.					4					4	0,16
Coquillettidia (Rhy.) chrysonotum/albifera									1	1	0,04
Culex (Car.) urichii	62									62	2,43
Culex (Cux.)						1	4		7	12	0,47
Culex (Cux.) nigripalpus							4			4	0,16
Culex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus							2			2	0,08
Culex (Mel.) pilosus									87	87	3,41
Culex (Mel.)					1					1	0,04
Culex (Mcx.)						2				2	0,08
Culex (Phe.)					4					4	0,16
Culex spp.	68	4		3	18	3	2	2		100	3,92
Culex sp1.	1	3								4	0,16
Culex sp2.	1									1	0,04
Culex sp3.	3									3	0,12
Haemagogus (Hag.) janthinomys/capricornii						3				3	0,12
Haemagogus (Con.) leucocelaenus	148					2				150	5,89
Limatus durhamii				14		3				17	0,67
Limatus flavisetosus	11					2				13	0,51
Mansonia sp.						2				2	0,08
Onirion personatum						1				1	0,04
Psorophora (Jan.) albipes/albigenu						2	3		7	12	0,47
Psorophora (Jan.) ferox							1			1	0,04
Runchomyia (Run.) humboldti							6			6	0,24
Runchomyia sp.							1			1	0,04
Sabethes (Pey.)			2			2				4	0,16
Sabethes (Sab.) purpureus			2							2	0,08
Sabethes (Sbo.) sp.						1				1	0,04
Sabethes (Sab.) albiprivus		32	24							56	2,20
Sabethes sp.				1						1	0,04
Toxorhynchites (Lyn.)	3		2							5	0,20
Toxorhynchites sp.			3							3	0,12
Uranotaenia					14					14	0,55
Wyeomyia (Spi.) bourrouli/forcipenis							1			1	0,04
Wyeomyia (Tra.) aporonoma						2				2	0,08
Wyeomyia melanocephala						1				1	0,04
Wyeomyia (Spi.) mystes						2				2	0,08
Wyeomyia (Pho.) edwardsi				4						4	0,16
Wyeomyia (Pho.)				1						1	0,04
Wyeomyia (Prl.) confusa							4			4	0,16
Wyeomyia sp.1				1						1	0,04
Wyeomyia sp2.						1				1	0,04
Total	1834	39	33	26	45	38	39	2	492	2548	100,00

Taxonomic category	Urban / periurban	Transitional / forested	Sylvatic	Total	%
Aedes (Och.) scapularis	2	387	-	389	15,27
Aedes (Och.) taeniorhynchus	5	-	-	5	0,20
Aedes (Och.) terrens	-	18	27	45	1,77
Aedes (Stg.) aegypti	354	-	-	354	13,89
Aedes (Stg.) albopictus	874	46	234	1154	45,29
Anopheles (Ano.) fluminensis	-	-	1	1	0,04
Anopheles (Nys.) albitarsis s.l.	-	-	2	2	0,08
Anopheles (Ker.) cruzii	-	-	1	1	0,04
Anopheles (Nys) evansae	-	-	1	1	0,04
Anopheles sp.	-	-	4	4	0,16
Coquillettidia (Rhy.) chrysonotum/albifera	-	-	1	1	0,04
Culex (Car.) urichii	-	62	-	62	2,43
Culex (Cux.)	-	8	4	12	0,47
Culex (Cux.) nigripalpus	4	-	-	4	0,16
Culex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus	-	-	1	1	0,04
Culex (Mel.) pilosus	-	87	-	87	3,41
Culex (Mel.)	-	-	2	2	0,08
Culex (Mcx.)	-	-	4	4	0,16
Culex (Phe.)	2	-	-	2	0,08
Culex spp.	71	3	26	100	3,92
Culex sp1.	-	1	3	4	0,16
Culex sp2.	-	1	-	1	0,04
Culex sp3.	-	3	-	3	0,12
Haemagogus (Hag.) janthinomys/capricornii	-	-	3	3	0,12
Haemagogus (Con.) leucocelaenus	-	9	141	150	5,89
Limatus durhamii	-	-	17	17	0,67
Limatus flavisetosus	-	13	-	13	0,51
Mansonia sp.	-	2	-	2	0,08
Onirion personatum	-	-	1	1	0,04
Psorophora (Jan.) albipes/albigenu	-	12	-	12	0,47
Psorophora (Jan.) ferox	-	1	-	1	0,04
Runchomyia (Run.) humboldti	-	6	-	6	0,24
Runchomyia sp.	-	1	-	1	0,04
Sabethes (Pey.)	-	-	4	4	0,16
Sabethes (Sab.) purpureus	-	-	2	2	0,08
Sabethes (Sbo.) sp.	-	1	-	1	0,04
Sabethes (Sab.) albiprivus	-	1	55	56	2,20
Sabethes sp.	-	-	1	1	0,04
Toxorhynchites (Lyn.)	-	3	2	5	0,20
Toxorhynchites sp.	-	3	-	3	0,12
Uranotaenia	-	-	14	14	0,55
Wyeomyia (Spi.) bourrouli/forcipenis	-	1	-	1	0,04
Wyeomyia (Tra.) aporonoma	-	4	-	4	0,16
Wyeomyia melanocephala	-	2	-	2	0,08
Wyeomyia (Spi.) mystes	-	1	-	1	0,04
Wyeomyia (Pho.) edwardsi	-	4	-	4	0,16
Wyeomyia (Pho.)	-	-	1	1	0,04
Wyeomyia (Prl.) confusa	-	-	2	2	0,08
Wyeomyia sp.1.	-	-	1	1	0,04
Wyeomyia sp2.	-	-	1	1	0,04
Total	1312	680	556	2548	100,00
% ecotones	51,49	26,69	21,82	100,00	-