DNA extracted from museum specimens of the 19th century provides a taxonomic resolution on the identity of the characid fish <i>Psalidodon jequitinhonhae</i> (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

Psalidodon jequitinhonhae was originally proposed as a variety of Tetragonopterus rutilus, based on the analysis of 14 specimens from the Jequitinhonha River, Brazil. In 1910 it was relocated in Astyanax, as A. fasciatus jequitinhonhae in Tetragonopterinae and in 2020 in Psalidodon, as Stethaprioninae member. However, in none of these revisions, P. jequitinhonhae was morphologically redescribed. A short sequence of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene obtained from one of the syntypes is compared to sequences obtained from new samples, allowing the recognition of the species and its morphological redescription based on new specimens. Both morphological and molecular data converged and corroborated P. jequitinhonhae as a valid species, occurring in the Jequitinhonha and Pardo river basins in Brazil. The syntype that provided the analyzed COI sequence is referred to as the lectotype by present designation.

Keywords:
Historical DNA; Jequitinhonha River; Mini-barcode; Museomics; Pardo River

Authorship

Victor de Queiroz

Formal analysis

Investigation

Writing-original draft

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (VQ) dequeirozvictor@gmail.com (corresponding author), (PCS) pricarola@gmail.com, (MCM) claudia.malabarba@ufrgs.br, (LRM) malabarb@ufrgs.br Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (VQ) dequeirozvictor@gmail.com (corresponding author), (PCS) pricarola@gmail.com, (MCM) claudia.malabarba@ufrgs.br, (LRM) malabarb@ufrgs.br

Laboratório de Sistemática Molecular - Beagle, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/ n, Anexo CCB II, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. (JAD) jdergam@gmail.com. Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, Brazil Laboratório de Sistemática Molecular - Beagle, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/ n, Anexo CCB II, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. (JAD) jdergam@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-540X

Priscilla Caroline Silva

Conceptualization

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Validation

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-9445

Maria Claudia Malabarba

Conceptualization

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Validation

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-4619

Lee Weigt

Funding acquisition

Resources

Validation

Writing-review and editing

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA. (LW) weigtl@si.edu. Smithsonian InstitutionUSAWashington, NW, USA National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA. (LW) weigtl@si.edu.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1274-3659

Jorge Abdala Dergam

Data curation

Funding acquisition

Resources

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1395-1377

Luiz R. Malabarba

Conceptualization

Data curation

Project administration

Resources

Supervision

Validation

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-3735

Edited-by

Fernando Carvalho

Correspondence

Victor de Queiroz dequeirozvictor@gmail.com

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

All examined specimens belong to fish collections.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (7)
Tables (1)

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FIGURE 1 |
A.Tetragonopterus rutilus var. Jequitinhonhae [sic] as illustrated by Steindachner (1877: plate II, fig. 3). B. Astyanax fasciatus jequitinhonhae as illustrated by Eigenmann (1921: plate 50, fig. 3; MCZ 20901; 83 mm; Jequitinhonha Rive, Brazil.

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FIGURE 2 |
Lectotype of Tetragonopterus rutilusjequitinhonhae, NMW 57760:2, 67.52 mm SL.

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FIGURE 3 |
Neighbor-joining tree based on p-distance model generated with a sequence fragment of the gene COI with 197 base pairs. The tree includes the lectotype of Tetragonopterus rutilus jequitinhonhae (NWM 57760:2) (dark blue) and species of the stethaprionine genera Psalidodon, Astyanax, Andromakhe, and Deuterodon. Sequences obtained from modern specimens of P. jequitinhonhae in light blue. Rooted in Serrapinnus heterodon.

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FIGURE 4 |
Psalidodon jequitinhonhae. Specimens from Jequitinhonha River, Itaobim Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 16°30’36”S 41°20’02”W. LBP 8311, male, 57.7 mm SL, female, 57.4 mm SL.

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FIGURE 5 |
Psalidodon jequitinhonhae, LBP 8311, 55.9 mm SL. To the left: lateral view of maxillary, premaxillary and dentary teeth. To the right: medial view of premaxillary and dentary teeth.

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FIGURE 6 |
Psalidodon jequitinhonhae. Two live specimens from Fanado River, tributary of Araçuaí River, Barragem das Almas, Minas Novas Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, Jequitinhonha River basin, 17°14’16.1”S 42°35’25.9”W. MZUEL 16425, not measured. Photo: José L. O. Birindelli.

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FIGURE 7 |
Distribution map of Psalidodon jequitinhonhae, encompassing its occurrence in the Jequitinhonha and Pardo river basins, Minas Gerais and Bahia States, Brazil.

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TABLE 1 |
Morphometric and meristic data of the lectotype (NMW 57760:2) and paralectotypes of Tetragonopterus rutilus jequitinhonhae (NMW 57759, 5, 54.3–68.4 mm SL; NMW 57760, 2, 65.2–74.1 mm SL; NMW 57761, 6, 66.2–75.6 mm SL) and non-type specimens of Psalidodon jequitinhonhae from Jequitinhonha (N = 51) and Pardo river basins (N = 20). SD = standard deviation.

FIGURE 1 | A.Tetragonopterus rutilus var. Jequitinhonhae [sic] as illustrated by Steindachner (1877: plate II, fig. 3). B. Astyanax fasciatus jequitinhonhae as illustrated by Eigenmann (1921: plate 50, fig. 3; MCZ 20901; 83 mm; Jequitinhonha Rive, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 | Lectotype of Tetragonopterus rutilusjequitinhonhae, NMW 57760:2, 67.52 mm SL.

FIGURE 3 | Neighbor-joining tree based on p-distance model generated with a sequence fragment of the gene COI with 197 base pairs. The tree includes the lectotype of Tetragonopterus rutilus jequitinhonhae (NWM 57760:2) (dark blue) and species of the stethaprionine genera Psalidodon, Astyanax, Andromakhe, and Deuterodon. Sequences obtained from modern specimens of P. jequitinhonhae in light blue. Rooted in Serrapinnus heterodon.

FIGURE 4 | Psalidodon jequitinhonhae. Specimens from Jequitinhonha River, Itaobim Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 16°30’36”S 41°20’02”W. LBP 8311, male, 57.7 mm SL, female, 57.4 mm SL.

FIGURE 5 | Psalidodon jequitinhonhae, LBP 8311, 55.9 mm SL. To the left: lateral view of maxillary, premaxillary and dentary teeth. To the right: medial view of premaxillary and dentary teeth.

FIGURE 6 | Psalidodon jequitinhonhae. Two live specimens from Fanado River, tributary of Araçuaí River, Barragem das Almas, Minas Novas Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, Jequitinhonha River basin, 17°14’16.1”S 42°35’25.9”W. MZUEL 16425, not measured. Photo: José L. O. Birindelli.

FIGURE 7 | Distribution map of Psalidodon jequitinhonhae, encompassing its occurrence in the Jequitinhonha and Pardo river basins, Minas Gerais and Bahia States, Brazil.

TABLE 1 | Morphometric and meristic data of the lectotype (NMW 57760:2) and paralectotypes of Tetragonopterus rutilus jequitinhonhae (NMW 57759, 5, 54.3–68.4 mm SL; NMW 57760, 2, 65.2–74.1 mm SL; NMW 57761, 6, 66.2–75.6 mm SL) and non-type specimens of Psalidodon jequitinhonhae from Jequitinhonha (N = 51) and Pardo river basins (N = 20). SD = standard deviation.

	Lectotype		Paralectotypes			Jequitinhonha River			Pardo River
		N	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	67.5	13	54.3–75.6	66.8	–	27.2–113.1	60.6	–	46.6–80.9	63.3	–
Percents of standard length
Predorsal distance	50.2	8	50.2–56.8	52.0	2.1	46.2–55.9	50.3	2.1	49.7–54.1	51.8	1.3
Prepelvic distance	45.8	8	44.2–48.4	46.2	1.4	44.5–51.0	47.8	1.7	47.3–51.8	49.1	1.3
Prepectoral distance	24.8	8	23.7–26.5	24.9	0.8	23.8–31.0	26.9	1.8	24.6–29.9	27.1	1.3
Preanal distance	65.0	8	62.2–65.3	64.1	1.1	59.7–71.5	64.4	2.1	62.1–69.7	65.7	1.9
Depth at dorsal-fin origin	33.9	8	32.9–35.8	34.4	1.1	28.6–37.0	32.9	1.7	34.3–42.3	37.6	1.9
Caudal peduncle depth	11.3	7	11.1–12.0	11.5	0.3	8.5–11.6	10.3	0.7	10.0–12.4	10.8	0.6
Caudal peduncle length	12.9	7	12.4–13.7	12.9	0.4	9.6–14.3	12.1	1.1	10.7–13.3	11.9	0.7
Anal-fin base	30.2	7	28.5–32.0	30.2	1.3	23.6–30.5	26.7	1.7	25.2–30.5	28.1	1.7
Dorsal fin length	24.7	7	25.5–27.9	26.8	0.9	22.3–29.1	25.0	1.6	24.0–28.1	25.5	1.1
Pelvic fin length (m)	–	3	17.5–20.4	18.8	1.5	15.5–19.4	16.7	1.0	–	–	–
Pelvic fin length (f)	17.5	4	17.1–18.0	17.6	0.4	14.1–17.7	15.6	0.9	15.1–17.4	16.3	0.6
Pectoral fin length	21.6	7	21.9–25.0	23.2	1.0	19.6–26.1	21.7	1.3	20.0–23.2	21.9	0.9
Head length	26.3	13	24.9–27.1	25.9	0.6	20.4–28.7	25.2	1.7	24.6–27.3	25.9	0.8
Percents of head length
Snout length	16.0	7	20.7–21.8	21.3	0.4	15.6–23.4	19.5	1.7	17.7–21.7	19.6	1.2
Upper jaw length	40.8	7	39.2–42.3	40.7	1.3	33.3–47.1	40.1	2.3	36.8–43.9	41.1	1.8
Orbital diameter	38.5	13	38.8–42.4	41.1	1.1	32.5–48.5	38.6	3.7	32.3–38.5	35.6	2.0
Interorbital width	–	7	30.7–33.1	32.0	0.9	28.3–47.4	34.5	4.0	30.8–38.0	34.6	2.3

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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DNA extracted from museum specimens of the 19th century provides a taxonomic resolution on the identity of the characid fish <i>Psalidodon jequitinhonhae</i> (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

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[1] Edited-by

Fernando Carvalho